General Trauma
What is 'cavitation' as described in relation to penetrating trauma?
a phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullets path.
What differentiates venous and arterial bleeding?
Arterial bleeding:
Pressure causes blood to spurt and makes it difficult to control
Typically, bright red in color and spurts in time with the pulse
Venous bleeding:
Does not spurt and is easier to manage
Dark red, flows slowly or rapidly depending on the size of the vein
What area of the cervical spine do rotation-flexion injuries occur?
C1 and C2
What is the area of the thoracic cavity the heart is contained in?
Mediastinum
Superficial, Partial-Thickness, and Full Thickness
In the context of MVAs, what are the three distinct collisions that occur?
Car to object, patient to vehicle, internal organs to patient.
3 pathological reasons for shock?
Pump Failure, Vessel Function, Fluid Loss
the 2 fluids that are in the eye are what?
Vitreous Humor and Aqueous Humor
What is the difference between solid and hollow organs? and an example of each.
Hollow organs: These organs are essentially tubes or pouches that have a lumen (a cavity or channel) surrounded by a wall typically made of muscle and other tissue layers
stomach, small intestines, large intestines, ureters, and urinary bladder
Solid organs: These organs have a dense, compact structure and are filled with tissue from the inside out
liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
The rule of nines refers to what?
A system that assigns percentages to the sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area
What is a Coup-Contrecoup brain injury?
A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through the brain tissues causes injury on the opposite side of original impact
What are vital signs that indicate shock?
(Compensated, Decompensated, Irreversible)
Compensated: Elevated HR, normal to elevated BP
Decompensated: Decreased BP, elevated HR
Irreversible: Both HR and BP decreased
The meninges are separated into 3 layers what are those layers?
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
What nerve innervates the diaphragm? Where does it originate?
Phrenic Nerve, C3, 4, and 5
What is crush syndrome? How long does it take to set in?
Significant metabolic derangement that develops when crushed extremities or body parts remain trapped for prolonged periods. This can lead to renal failure and death
4 hours
A 40M has several pieces of metal imbedded into his torso from a propane tank exploding. What mechanism from the blast caused the impaled objects?
Secondary blast injuries: Damage to the body results from being struck by flying debris which have been set in motion by the explosion
You have a 45F with blood coming from a laceration on her upper arm. Her vital signs are HR: 140 BP: 90/54 with rapid respirations. What type of bleed is she suffering from?
Arterial
You arrive to a 27M who was involved in a MVA. During assessment you notice ecchymosis under the eyes and behind his left ear. What is this sign called and what injury have they sustained?
Battle Signs and Skull Fracture (Basilar skull fracture)
You have a 18M who states he got in a fight yesterday. Pt states that he has hematuria, on physical assessment you note ecchymosis on right flank and back. What organ should suspect was injured? Is this significant?
Kidney and Yes
You arrive to a 29M with a steak knife impaled in his left chest and is pulsing with the man's heartbeat. ALS is enroute, initially his vital signs are stable, and limited bleeding is noted. What should your primary goal be when bandaging the injury? If your pt lost pulses, what should you do first?
Stabilize the knife using bulky dressing.
Place pads and remove knife for CPR.
A 22-year-old male was found down after a suspected fall. When you arrive, you observe his eyes are closed. You apply a jaw thrust, and he opens his eyes and groans incomprehensible sounds. When you attempt to move his arm to his side he pulls away from it and groans. What is his GCS?
You have a 11M with epistaxis. His father says he has been bleeding for several hours and that it hasn't stopped or slowed down. What condition is the boy likely suffering from?
Hemophilia
A 65F was struck in the head during a mugging. She states she has no memory from before the blow, during transport the pt asks multiple times what happened. What type of injury does the pt have and what is the loss of memory called?
Concussion and Retrograde Amnesia
You arrive to an unresponsive 10F at a sporting event. upon assessment you find the pt to be pulseless and apneic. what condition should you suspect?
Commotio Cortis
A 23F is found wandering in a park. The pt appears altered and is tachycardic. On physical assessment you find a spider web looking burn on her left shoulder. You should suspect?
A: Chemical burn
B: Lightning strike
C: Taser Burn
D: Radiation Burn.
B