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He was the King of Great Britain who issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which recognized First Nations’ rights to their land.
Who was King George III?
a formal agreement between nations
What is a treaty
What is treaty 1
This traditional Indigenous object, often made of shell beads, was used to record agreements and is considered a treaty in itself
What is a Wampum belt
These 11 Treaties cover a massive area of Canada from Ontario to the Rockies and are named by their order (1 to 11).
What are the numbered treaties?
In the Great Peace of Montreal (1701), instead of writing their names, many Chiefs used these to sign the document
What are drawings of animals?
Mi’kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people — sometimes grouped together under the name Abenaki — were the first to live in what we now think of as the Maritimes
What is Peace and friendship treaties, 1725-1779
Extending across northern Alberta, northwest Saskatchewan, and into the Northwest Territories, this 1899 pact is the largest of the Numbered Treaties by land area.
What is treaty 8
This 1763 royal document established that only the British Crown could purchase land from First Nations, a rule still cited in court today.
What is the Royal Proclamation
This Shawnee leader and British ally was a famous fighter in the War of 1812
Who was Tecumseh?
Alex Hebert, an Anishinaabe youth, built a famous version of the Treaty of Niagara wampum belt using this popular modern toy.
What is Lego?
The Hudson’s Bay Company didn’t pay much attention to the First Nations living on the south end of Vancouver Island when it set up a colony there in 1849. But the HBC governor, James Douglas, did. He oversaw 14 Treaties that protected First Nations village sites and rights to hunt and fish. According to the company, those nations gave up ownership of their land when they made the Treaties, but the First Nations involved saw the agreements as peace Treaties that didn’t mean losing land.
What is Douglas Treaties, 1850-1854
This modern 2000 agreement was the first of its kind in British Columbia, covering territory along the Nass River.
What is the Nisga'a Treaty
In many Indigenous traditions, this ritual act of breathing together was a sacred way to seal a treaty and bind the parties to the truth.
What is a Pipe Ceremony
This Cree Chief (Mistahimaskwa) resisted signing Treaty 6 for seven years until his people began to starve.
Who was the big bear?
While the British and French used ink and paper to record Treaty promises, First Nations used an "Oral Tradition." This meant that history and important laws were kept alive and shared with the next generation through this specific method.
What are stories passed down by Elders and Knowledge Keepers?
William Benjamin Robinson was a fur trader who understood First Nations languages and ways. The British chose him to lead Treaty talks that would eventually cover nearly all of northwestern Ontario. First Nations people received annuities, along with promises that their way of life would be protected. They kept their rights to hunt and fish throughout the territory, and chose the areas they wanted for their reserves.
What is Robinson Treaties, 1850
In the 1817 Selkirk Treaty, land along the Red and Assiniboine Rivers was granted to settlers as far as this animal’s visibility could be seen from under its belly.
What is a horse
These small annual payments, often $4 or $5 per person, are still distributed today to members of many Numbered Treaties
What are Annuities
This "Two-Row" Treaty from 1645 used a belt to show a ship and a canoe traveling peacefully side-by-side
What is the Guswentha?
This 1993 agreement is the largest Treaty in Canada’s history and led to the creation of a new territory in 1999.
What is the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement?
These 11 Treaties cover an enormous area of what is now Canada. The first and biggest issue came when the Canadian government took over Rupert’s Land — a region stretching from Alberta northeast to the area around Hudson Bay — from HBC in 1869
What is Numbered Treaties,
1871-1921
Unlike historical agreements, these modern-day land claims—like the 1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement—are often called this because they cover areas where Indigenous title was never previously addressed.
What are Comprehensive Land Claims?
this medal was given to Manitoba Anishinaabe chiefs during Treaty talks in the early 1870s.
What is Meh metal
This is the name for modern-day land claim agreements made between First Nations, the federal government, and a province.
What are Comprehensive Land Claims?