Communicative linguistics
By what time in the last century did the Structuralism movement largely fulfill the tasks it had set for itself?
By the 1950s.
What is the primary focus of Sociolinguistics?
Language variation in relation to social factors (class, age, region).
Which specific area of the brain is primarily associated with speech comprehension?
Wernicke's Area.
Wernicke's Area.
According to Saussure, what is the abstract, underlying system of language shared by a community?
Langue.
What two separate components form the linguistic sign according to Structuralism?
The Signifier (sound image) and the Signified (concept).
What central concept, thoroughly studied by structuralists, refers to the duality (interdependence and difference) of language and speech?
Dichotomy (duality) of language and speech.
Name three major applications within Computational Linguistics.
AI, Machine Translation, and Natural Language Processing (NLP).
What is the main subject of study in Historical Linguistics?
How languages change over time and their genealogical family relationships.
In Generativism, what is the innate, pre-wired grammatical blueprint present in all human minds?
Universal Grammar (UG).
In Generativism, what is the term for the innate, tacit mental knowledge of language?
Competence (or I-language).
What was identified as the main shortcoming of the Structuralism movement?
The advancement of the theory that "language is a phenomenon that exists within itself and for itself," neglecting language in use (speech).
What is the key difference in scope between First Language (L1) and Second Language (L2) acquisition studies in Psycholinguistics?
L1 is effortless, rapid childhood learning; L2 is later learning, influenced by L1.
Which linguistic branch is concerned with the biological basis of language, including its evolutionary history?
Biological Linguistics.
Define the difference between Saussure's Syntagmatic Axis and Paradigmatic Axis.
Syntagmatic is linear combination (in praesentia); Paradigmatic is selection from alternatives (in absentia).
Name the two major historical schools of Functionalism.
The Prague Circle and the London School.
What new aspect of language study emerged in the second half of the 20th century, replacing the focus on the invariant system?
The communicative-pragmatic aspect.
Applied Linguistics primarily focuses on applying linguistic theories to which practical fields?
Teaching, translation, and language planning.
What distinction does Mathematical Linguistics examine regarding language systems?
The algebraic and statistical properties inherent in the structure of language.
Functionalism asserts that linguistic structure is shaped by communicative needs. What specific concept from the London School emphasizes that meaning is impossible without social context?
Context of Situation.
Which Generativist principle describes the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of unique sentences?
Productivity.
How did the change in focus from the invariant system to variants in use fundamentally alter the scope of linguistics (i.e., what new scientific fields emerged)?
It led to the emergence of fields like psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, and communicative linguistics.
In Sociolinguistics, what is the functional difference between the Variationist approach and the Interactional approach?
Variationist uses statistics on variables; Interactional analyzes meaning in specific communicative contexts.
Briefly define the core difference in focus between Ethnolinguistics and Philosophical Linguistics.
Ethnolinguistics relates language to ethnic behavior/culture; Philosophical relates language to abstract philosophical concepts/theories.
Why did Chomsky introduce the distinction between Competence and Performance, thereby rejecting the American Structuralist approach?
To separate the underlying, innate mental system (Competence) from the flawed, observable output (Performance) studied by structuralists.
What is the critical distinction between the Formalist (Generativist) and Functionalist approaches, as summarized in the Macro-Themes section?
Formalism emphasizes context-free structure (System), while Functionalism emphasizes usage and meaning (Use).