diabetes
When the body does not produce enough insulin.
What is type 1 diabetes?
The nervous system and endocrine system work together to detect changes and coordinate responses that keep internal conditions stable.
What is homeostasis?
The tendency of particles to spread out until they are more evenly distributed.
What is diffusion?
The small gap between two neurons where chemical signals can pass from one neuron to another.
What is the synapse?
A receptor detects a change, sends information to a control center, and the control center activates an effector that produces a response. This sequence describes this biological process.
What is a feedback loop?
This pancreatic cell type detects elevated blood glucose and releases insulin, which promotes glucose uptake and storage.
What are beta cells?
If the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood becomes too high, the body can conserve water to restore proper fluid concentration.
What is osmoregulation?
The movement of a substance against its concentration gradient, requiring an input of cellular energy.
What is active transport?
The chemical messengers released by neurons that transmit signals across a synapse.
What are neurotransmitters?
The part of a feedback system that detects a change in the environment.
What is a receptor?
This hormone is released by pancreatic alpha cells and raises blood glucose when it becomes too low.
What is glucagon?
This hormone helps the kidneys retain water when the body’s water supply is low.
What is ADH?
The movement of a substance through a specific membrane protein without ATP, following its concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
For each ATP molecule used, the sodium-potassium pump moves this many potassium ions into the neuron.
What is two?
A change in the internal or external environment that causes a response.
What is a stimulus?
A patient has high blood glucose despite producing insulin. Testing shows their cells have become less responsive to insulin, forcing the pancreas to compensate by releasing more insulin. This condition is the key early abnormality in this disease.
What is insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes?
This organ removes wastes from the blood and helps regulate water and salt levels in the body.
What are the kidneys?
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane caused by differences in solute concentration.
What is osmosis?
These three stages describe how the nervous system responds to information: detecting a stimulus, processing the information, and producing a response.
What are sensory input, integration, and motor output?
The liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose in response to glucagon, making the liver this component of the feedback loop.
What is the effector?
The condition in which body cells become resistant to insulin, causing the pancreas to initially produce more insulin while blood glucose remains abnormally high.
What is Type 2 diabetes?
What prevents insulin secretion from continuing once blood glucose has returned to its normal range?
What is negative feedback?
A solution with approximately the same solute concentration as the inside of a cell.
What is an isotonic solution?
This part of the neuron receives incoming information, while this part carries the electrical signal away from the cell body.
What are dendrites and the axon?
A feedback system in which the response reverses the original change and brings a condition back toward its normal range is called this.
What is negative feedback?