Ecology
This type of population growth occurs when resources are unlimited, resulting in a J-Shaped curve.
Exponential Growth
Unlike open circulatory systems, this type keeps blood enclosed in vessels at all
times.
closed circulatory system
What structure within eukaryotic cells is primarily responsible for lipid synthesis
and detoxification processes?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward
opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
These structures have similar anatomy but different functions, showing common
ancestry among species.
Homologous structures?
What is species richness?
The total number of different species in a community
These structures in fish are specialized for gas exchange in water.
Gills
During oxidative phosphorylation, what enzyme complex synthesizes ATP in
mitochondria?
ATP Synthase
Which cytoskeletal component is composed of actin subunits and is responsible
for cellular movement and muscle contraction?
Microfilaments (Actin filaments)
This evolutionary force involves individuals moving in or out of populations,
changing allele frequencies
Gene Flow
What are the four types of speciation?
Allopatric, Sympatric, Parapatric, Peripatric
This gland, often called the "master gland," regulates many other endocrine
glands in vertebrates.
The pituitary gland
What protein is most abundant in the extracellular matrix of animal connective
tissue, providing structural integrity?
Collagen
What specialized structure forms at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes to
protect them from degradation and shortening?
Telomeres
This model of evolution proposes that species remain unchanged for long
periods, with brief rapid changes.
Punctuated equilibrium
What are the levels of ecological organization?
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome →
Biosphere.
This organ in vertebrates helps regulate water and salt balance and removes
nitrogenous waste.
The kidneys
Which motor protein moves cargo along microtubules toward their plus (+) end?
Kinesin
What protein complex is responsible for marking proteins for degradation by
tagging them with ubiquitin?
E3 Ubiquitin ligase
The evolutionary arms race between predators and prey is an example of this
kind of reciprocal adaptation.
Coevolution
What factors affect population size and growth?
Birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration, resource availability,
predation, disease, and environmental conditions.
This term refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment, essential
for proper physiological function across diverse organisms.
Homeostasis
What molecule acts as a second messenger, often increasing in concentration
following activation of G protein-coupled receptors?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron
transport chain during aerobic respiration?
Oxygen (O₂)
This metaphorical model, introduced by Sewall Wright, visualizes fitness peaks
and valleys to represent how populations evolve under selection and genetic drift.
Adaptive/Fitness landscape