Transcription
What molecule is produced at the end of transcription?
mRNA
What are codons, and where are they found?
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in mRNA that specify amino acids.
What type of mutation does not change the amino acid sequence?
Silent mutation
What type of chromosomal mutation involves a segment of a chromosome being duplicated?
Duplication
What is the correct order of the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA → RNA → Protein
Describe the differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose, and uses thymine, while RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose, and uses uracil instead of thymine
Explain the role of tRNA in translation.
tRNA brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence in mRNA.
What type of mutation shifts the reading frame by inserting or deleting a nucleotide?
Frameshift mutation
What is the term for a mutation where a chromosome segment is flipped and reinserted?
Inversion
In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
How does the structure of mRNA help its purpose in transcription?
mRNA is single-stranded and can easily exit the nucleus to be translated into a protein.
What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
The sequence of codons in the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence.
What type of point mutation results in a premature stop codon?
Nonsense mutation
What type of chromosomal mutation occurs when a segment is lost?
Deletion
In eukaryotes, where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm, at the ribosome
Describe the difference between mRNA and tRNA in terms of their roles in protein synthesis.
mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, while tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
Describe the process of translation from start to finish.
Translation begins at the start codon (AUG), tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, amino acids are linked together, and the process continues until a stop codon is reached.
What mutation changes one amino acid to another?
Missense mutation
What type of chromosomal mutation occurs when part of one chromosome attaches to another chromosome?
Translocation
If a mutation affects the ribosome, what might happen to translation?
Translation may slow down or stop entirely, as ribosomes assemble proteins