Monoclonal Antibodies
What type of cell is fused with a tumor cell to make a hybridoma?
White blood cell (lymphocyte)
What is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase (Carbohydrase)
What is the purpose of sterilising equipment before use in microbiology?
To prevent contamination
What is the main function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen (& carbon dioxide)
What do monoclonal antibodies bind to?
Specific antigens
What is the name of the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary vein
Where is bile produced?
Liver
What should you do to the inoculating loop before using it?
Sterilise it in a flame
What component of blood helps to clot wounds?
Platelets
What is a hybridoma cell?
A fused cell made from a lymphocyte and a tumor cell
Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
Right side
What is the role of bile in digestion? (give 2)
It emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid.
Why is the lid of a Petri dish only partially opened during inoculation?
To reduce the risk of airborne contamination
What is the liquid part of blood called?
Plasma
Name one use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine.
Diagnosis, cancer treatment, or pregnancy testing
What is the function of the left ventricle?
To pump oxygenated blood to the body
What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorption of nutrients
Why are agar plates stored upside down?
To prevent condensation from dripping onto the culture
Name two substances transported by plasma.
Carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, glucose, amino acids (any two)
Explain how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer.
They can deliver drugs directly to cancer cells by binding to specific antigens on their surface.
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart starting from the vena cava.
Vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body
Describe how the small intestine is adapted for absorption (at least 2 adaptations)
It has villi and microvilli to increase surface area, a good blood supply, and thin walls.
Explain why agar plates are incubated at 25°C in schools.
To prevent the growth of harmful pathogens that thrive at body temperature
How are red blood cells adapted to their function? (at least 2 adaptations)
They have no nucleus, are biconcave / smooth in shape, and contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen.