Landmark Cases
This case established judicial review in the U.S.
What is Marbury v. Madison?
The amendment that guarantees freedom of speech.
What is the First Amendment?
The legal standard required for an officer to conduct a stop-and-frisk.
What is reasonable suspicion?
He is considered the "Father of Modern Policing."
Who is Sir Robert Peel?
The first officer on the scene must always do this to preserve evidence.
What is secure the scene?
This case gave us the “right to remain silent.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
The right against unreasonable searches and seizures is in this amendment.
What is the Fourth Amendment?
To make an arrest, an officer must have this.
What is probable cause?
The early English law that required citizens to assist in apprehending criminals.
What is the hue and cry?
This type of evidence is based on personal observation, such as testimony.
What is direct evidence?
“Stop and frisk” was ruled constitutional under this case.
What is Terry v. Ohio?
Double jeopardy and self-incrimination protections are found in this amendment.
What is the Fifth Amendment?
Evidence obtained illegally may be excluded under this doctrine.
What is the exclusionary rule?
This early form of English law enforcement organized groups of 10 families into “tithings.”
What is the mutual pledge system?
Fingerprints, DNA, and blood are examples of this type of evidence.
What is physical/biological evidence?
This case guaranteed the right to an attorney for indigent defendants.
What is Gideon v. Wainwright?
This amendment guarantees a speedy and public trial.
What is the Sixth Amendment?
This is the formal charging document issued by a grand jury.
What is an indictment?
The Bow Street Runners were an early example of this.
What is a professional police force?
This rule requires that evidence must be collected, preserved, and documented properly.
What is chain of custody?
This case established that wiretapping a phone booth is a search under the Fourth Amendment.
What is Katz v. United States?
Equal protection under the law is part of this amendment.
What is the Fourteenth Amendment?
Before questioning a suspect in custody, officers must do this.
What is advise them of their Miranda rights?
This U.S. Supreme Court case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in 1954.
What is Brown v. Board of Education?
This type of evidence suggests a fact but does not directly prove it.
What is circumstantial evidence?