Reading Practice
Technology is rapidly expanding the scope of capabilities for both professional and personal use; such is the case with smart phones. Professionals now have devices available to them capable of digital media, internet access, phone communication, multi-person scheduling and office tools for documents and presentations. Businesspeople that are often mobile may maximize the use of these critical features on smart phones. Individuals who simply enjoy the luxury of multi-function devices often use these devices for frivolous pursuits such as downloading catchy ring tones, instant messaging about the latest gossip and looking up the world record for most cans crushed on one’s head during the Superbowl. This fusion of capabilities and increased availability of such devices could be a sign of a growing blend in society between work and personal life, or individuals could simply be taking a luxurious approach to their connectivity in personal lives.
The term “frivolous” implies that the author
a) is fascinated by the endless capabilities on smart phones.
b) hopes that technology ceases to expand its scope.
c) believes that the average individual does not need a smart phone.
d) has a smart phone.
e) wants to see more developments added to smart phone technology.
Your answer of believes that the average individual does not need a smart phone.
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
1.
a.NO CHANGE
b.convinced that
c.doubting the very likelihood
d.not worried at all that
NO CHANGE
But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink.
'Irrepressible' in the second line means
a.incompatible
b.strong
c.oppressive
d.unrestrainable
e.unspirited
unrestrainable
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
[3]
Papi, our designated transporter, was a Haitian man in his early twenties who works <5>for the physician. He warmly welcomed us to his country, and seemed to have a great sense of humor.<6> He laughed nonstop during our ride through the capital city. Once we were on the open highway, Papi taught us basic Creole greetings to pass the time during our excessively long four-hour commute. <7>
6.
a.NO CHANGE
b.great sense about humor
c.great sense on humor
d.great sense in humor
A NO CHANGE is correct because of idioms. B, C, and D are incorrect because the answers are not the correct form of the idiom.
Swimming has developed from a primal mode of movement to an advanced hobby and competitive sport. Exercising nearly every muscle group, swimming is a rigorous sport and requires intense training. In competitions swimmers typically contend for the fastest time to complete a certain distance by performing a specific swimming stroke. Also, swimmers work to build endurance and an ability to swim over long distances. Because swimming has developed into a highly intricate competitive sport, where one wrong technique can disqualify a participant, it is interesting to ponder how the sport will evolve for people in the future, either advancing into a progressive purpose or regressing to a primal mode of movement.
Which of the following situations would fulfill the author’s prophecy for swimming?
a.Humans settling on the moon use swimming techniques to move through space.
b.Swimming remains a competitive Olympic sport.
c.Animals, including amphibians, begin to swim instinctively upon birth, as a dominant genetic trait.
d.People swim in home and community pools to relax and exercise.
e.Fish begin swimming at unprecedented speeds and extend the average life span.
Humans settling on the moon use swimming techniques to move through space.
Technology is rapidly expanding the scope of capabilities for both professional and personal use; such is the case with smart phones. Professionals now have devices available to them capable of digital media, internet access, phone communication, multi-person scheduling and office tools for documents and presentations. Businesspeople that are often mobile may maximize the use of these critical features on smart phones. Individuals who simply enjoy the luxury of multi-function devices often use these devices for frivolous pursuits such as downloading catchy ring tones, instant messaging about the latest gossip and looking up the world record for most cans crushed on one’s head during the Superbowl. This fusion of capabilities and increased availability of such devices could be a sign of a growing blend in society between work and personal life, or individuals could simply be taking a luxurious approach to their connectivity in personal lives.
What is the purpose of the conclusion sentence?
a. Draw a conclusion about what we know smart phones can do
b. Assume where technology is headed and how it will affect society
c. Comment on human connectivity through the use of smart phones
d. Predict how the government will regulate and guide future technology
e. Present two possible explanations for the growing popularity of smart phones
Present two possible explanations for the growing popularity of smartphones
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
2.
a.NO CHANGE
b.(place before I)
c.(place before boarded)
d.(place before in)
C
(place before boarded)
is the correct answer because of modifiers. A single word modifier is placed next to the word it modifies. A, B, and D are incorrect because the answers place the modifier in the incorrect position.
Greek mythology is a vehicle that uses mythological characters and creatures to teach people about the dangers, beauties and possible outcomes of life. In many myths, characters face moral dilemmas involving honor and practicality. The protagonists of epics face creatures that represent values and challenges such as respect, temptation and redemption. How has Greek mythology inevitably evolved with time and new story tellers? Scholars that have interpreted Greek mythology seek to maintain the universal values conveyed in these stories, while ensuring the validity of adapting these stories to their own distinct cultures. It is up to each reader to seek their own truths and learn from epic Greek mythology as best they can.
According to the author’s description, which of the following is most likely to be a message from Greek mythology?
a.Love is difficult, but it will last if the lovers are meant to be together.
b.Resisting temptation and immediate gratification will lead to ultimate success.
c.It is important to keep track of your personal history.
d.Passing down Greek mythology has taken on a new form since oral records faded.
e.It is not the fastest, but the longest lasting that wins the race.
Resisting temptation and immediate gratification will lead to ultimate success.
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
[3]
Papi, our designated transporter, was a Haitian man in his early twenties who works <5>for the physician. He warmly welcomed us to his country, and seemed to have a great sense of humor.<6> He laughed nonstop during our ride through the capital city. Once we were on the open highway, Papi taught us basic Creole greetings to pass the time during our excessively long four-hour commute. <7>
7.
a.NO CHANGE
b.pass the time during our excessively long commute
c.pass the time during our excessive four-hour commute
d.pass the time during our commute
pass the time during our commute
D is the correct answer because of wordiness and redundancy. A, B, and C are incorrect because “excessively,” “long,” and “four-hour” are redundant when combined. In addition, the lengthy description is wordy. Although longer sentences may be grammatically correct, short sentences are the best choice to minimize wordiness.
Cities across the world are essentially blends of smaller cultural environments that lead people to have vastly different experiences. Each city typically contains a broad spectrum of dining establishments along with various art institutions like museums and theatres. Yet with all these blends of dining, art and night lives, what is the one characteristic that can distinguish a city? History. The undeniably unique history of each city provides rich traditions and a bond between the local people that overshadows any other city’s mélange of dining and art institutions.
In context, which word most closely defines mélange?
a.frivolous
b.tradition
c.assortment
d.opportunity
e.brochure
Your answer of assortment was correct.
The author selects words such as “spectrum” and “various” to refer to the dining and art institutions. Clearly mélange must be some sort of variety offering.
But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink.
The main point from the author's view is that
a. Man's soul and spirit can not be destroyed by superpowers.
b. Man's destiny is not fully clear or visible.
c. Man's soul and spirit are immortal.
d. Man's safety is assured by the delicate balance of power in terms of nuclear weapons.
e. Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation.
Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation.
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
3.
a.NO CHANGE
b.I and my roommate
c.my roommate and me
d.my roommate and I
D my roommate and I is correct because of subject pronoun. When two subjects of the verb are joined together with and, “I” is the correct form of the first person singular pronoun. A, B, and C are incorrect.
Greek mythology is a vehicle that uses mythological characters and creatures to teach people about the dangers, beauties and possible outcomes of life. In many myths, characters face moral dilemmas involving honor and practicality. The protagonists of epics face creatures that represent values and challenges such as respect, temptation and redemption. How has Greek mythology inevitably evolved with time and new story tellers? Scholars that have interpreted Greek mythology seek to maintain the universal values conveyed in these stories, while ensuring the validity of adapting these stories to their own distinct cultures. It is up to each reader to seek their own truths and learn from epic Greek mythology as best they can.
Which word best describes the author’s account of Greek mythology?
a.idealistic
b.pessimistic
c.dubious
d.critical
e.mysterious
idealistic
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
[3]
Papi, our designated transporter, was a Haitian man in his early twenties who works <5>for the physician. He warmly welcomed us to his country, and seemed to have a great sense of humor.<6> He laughed nonstop during our ride through the capital city. Once we were on the open highway, Papi taught us basic Creole greetings to pass the time during our excessively long four-hour commute. <7>
[4]
The mountainous town where we would spend the week was beautiful, and I immediately fell in love with the place and its people. The views rocked! <8>Even though I could not fluently speak Creole, I made the most of my time with the land and its inhabitants. Several daily tasks kept me busy that week. The medical clinic was a modest two-room building, and their <9>staff needed help reorganizing the supply pantry. I removed, counted, sorted, and restocked supplies, <10>before adding the additional resources we brought from the United States. After I cleaned and organized the supply pantry, I assisted a visiting nutritionist with distributing vitamins to the locals. <11>
8.
a.NO CHANGE
b.I wish my girlfriend could have seen the views!
c.Pictures don’t do it justice, man!
d.OMIT the underlined portion
D. OMIT the underlined portion
The correct answer is D because of style and redundancy. A, B, and C are incorrect because the sentence does not fit with the tone of the passage. In addition, the previous sentence addressed the geographical beauty.
Cities across the world are essentially blends of smaller cultural environments that lead people to have vastly different experiences. Each city typically contains a broad spectrum of dining establishments along with various art institutions like museums and theatres. Yet with all these blends of dining, art and night lives, what is the one characteristic that can distinguish a city? History. The undeniably unique history of each city provides rich traditions and a bond between the local people that overshadows any other city’s mélange of dining and art institutions.
Which of the following would the author believe is the most important city attraction or characteristic?
a.The exquisite French restaurant in the European district
b.The Museum of Natural History
c.Ruins from the Berlin Wall and the local community
d.Wrigley Field
e. A democratic government
Ruins from the Berlin Wall and the local community
But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink.
The phrase 'Go to the brink' in the passage means
a. Retreating from extreme danger.
b. Declare war on each other.
c. Advancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it.
d. Negotiate for peace.
e. Commit suicide.
Advancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it.
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
4.
a.NO CHANGE
b.satisfied
c.concerned
d.uncertain
A NO CHANGE is the correct choice because of clarity. The context suggests that the writer had a positive reaction to being recognized in the midst of a chaotic and crowded airport. B, C, and D are incorrect because their answers do not fit the context.
Disequilibrium at the interface of water and air is a factor on which the transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air depends. The air within about a millimeter of the water is almost saturated with water vapor and the temperature of the air is close to that of the surface water. Irrespective of how small these differences might be, they are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water vapor content. The turbulence, which takes its energy from the wind mixes the air. As the speed of wind increases, so does the turbulence, and consequently the rate of heat and moisture transfer. We can arrive at a detailed understanding of this phenomenon after further study. The transfer of momentum from wind to water, which occurs when waves are formed is an interacting-and complicated phenomenon. When waves are made by the wind, it transfers important amounts of energy-energy, which is consequently not available for the production of turbulence.
The wind over the ocean usually does which of the following according to the given passage?
I. Leads to cool, dry air coming in proximity with the ocean surface.
II. Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.
III. Results in frequent changes in the ocean surface temperature.
a.I only
b.II only
c.I and II only
d.II and III only
e.I, II, and III
I only
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
[3]
Papi, our designated transporter, was a Haitian man in his early twenties who works <5>for the physician. He warmly welcomed us to his country, and seemed to have a great sense of humor.<6> He laughed nonstop during our ride through the capital city. Once we were on the open highway, Papi taught us basic Creole greetings to pass the time during our excessively long four-hour commute. <7>
[4]
The mountainous town where we would spend the week was beautiful, and I immediately fell in love with the place and its people. The views rocked! <8>Even though I could not fluently speak Creole, I made the most of my time with the land and its inhabitants. Several daily tasks kept me busy that week. The medical clinic was a modest two-room building, and their <9>staff needed help reorganizing the supply pantry. I removed, counted, sorted, and restocked supplies, <10>before adding the additional resources we brought from the United States. After I cleaned and organized the supply pantry, I assisted a visiting nutritionist with distributing vitamins to the locals. <11>
9
C. its
The correct answer is C because of case and number and personal pronouns. Collective nouns, such as medical clinic, are institutions, not people.
Passage 1
Because it is filled with contradictions, performance is also filled with risk. This is the domain of stage fright. The actor is aware that appearing in front of an audience is a scary proposition. Maintaining the reality of the character is,
5 in itself, a fragile affair; it demands of the actor a series of complex transformations. The actor has the unique problem of hiding and showing at the same time. The actor’s conscious fear is not about making a mistake, but about allowing the audience to see something that it is not supposed to see:
10 namely, the performer’s fear, or stage fright.
Passage 2
The term “stage fright” has largely dropped out of use, because we know now that dwelling on something this malevolent gives it power. If I tell you not to be afraid, you may dwell on your fear. If I say, do not think of
15 fast-food burgers under any circumstances, a line of them will parade through your mind. The key to most fears is substitution. On the simplest level, you replace the ogre with something less menacing to fill your consciousness. If you will imagine yourself to be a
20 host rather than an actor, and think more about the comfort of your listeners than their verdicts, everything will fall into place.
What is the best way to describe the purposes of the two passages?
a.Passage 1 analyzes a phenomenon; Passage 2 suggests a solution to a problem.
b.Passage 1 traces the consequences of an incident; Passage 2 narrates a process.
c.Passage 1 interprets a series of examples; Passage 2 gives a typical case.
d.Both passages present well-known examples to challenge a misconception.
e.Both passages explain a pattern by questioning previous theories.
Passage 1 analyzes a phenomenon; Passage 2 suggests a solution to a problem.
Passage 1 discusses stage fright by focusing on the vulnerability of the actor, explaining why “appearing in front of an audience is a scary proposition” (lines 3-4). So Passage 1 can be said to analyze a phenomenon. Passage 2 similarly addresses the experience of stage fright, but discusses ways of coping with it. So Passage 2 can be said to suggest a solution to a problem.
But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink.
In the author's opinion
a.Huge stockpiles of destructive weapons have so far saved mankind from a catastrophe.
b.Superpowers have at last realized the need for abandoning the production of lethal weapons.
c.Mankind is heading towards complete destruction.
d.Nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict.
e.There is a silver lining over the production of deadly weapons.
Your answer of Nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict.
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
[3]
Papi, our designated transporter, was a Haitian man in his early twenties who works <5>for the physician. He warmly welcomed us to his country, and seemed to have a great sense of humor.<6> He laughed nonstop during our ride through the capital city. Once we were on the open highway, Papi taught us basic Creole greetings to pass the time during our excessively long four-hour commute. <7>
5.
a.NO CHANGE
b.worked
c.will work
d.work
B worked is the correct answer because of verb tense. A and D are incorrect because the answers are present tense. C is incorrect because the answer is future tense.
Swimming has developed from a primal mode of movement to an advanced hobby and competitive sport. Exercising nearly every muscle group, swimming is a rigorous sport and requires intense training. In competitions swimmers typically contend for the fastest time to complete a certain distance by performing a specific swimming stroke. Also, swimmers work to build endurance and an ability to swim over long distances. Because swimming has developed into a highly intricate competitive sport, where one wrong technique can disqualify a participant, it is interesting to ponder how the sport will evolve for people in the future, either advancing into a progressive purpose or regressing to a primal mode of movement.
The structure of this passage could be best described in what way?
a.An activity narrowed to a specific purpose and expanded to consider future implications.
b.An activity narrowed to a specific purpose and expanded to consider future deviations.
c.A hypothesis tested against certain conditions, developed into a larger thesis.
d.An activity and its purposes are explained.
e.A supposition regarding the prospect of an activity, analyzed for viability
An activity narrowed to a specific purpose and expanded to consider future deviations.
Haiti
[1]
Although my friends and family were skeptical of whether <1> I would be safe, I boarded the plane in New York boldly <2>and flew to Haiti. My college roommate had agreed to take medical supplies to a rural clinic where his brother was a physician, and I agreed to go and help.
[2]
When me and my roommate <3>landed at the airport in the capital Port au Prince, the chaos inside the airport was frightening. Dozens of men approached us while gesturing to our luggage, and yelling at us in Creole. They wanted us to select their taxis. I was thrilled <4>when my roommate smiled at someone who called our names through the crowd.
[3]
Papi, our designated transporter, was a Haitian man in his early twenties who works <5>for the physician. He warmly welcomed us to his country, and seemed to have a great sense of humor.<6> He laughed nonstop during our ride through the capital city. Once we were on the open highway, Papi taught us basic Creole greetings to pass the time during our excessively long four-hour commute. <7>
[4]
The mountainous town where we would spend the week was beautiful, and I immediately fell in love with the place and its people. The views rocked! <8>Even though I could not fluently speak Creole, I made the most of my time with the land and its inhabitants. Several daily tasks kept me busy that week. The medical clinic was a modest two-room building, and their <9>staff needed help reorganizing the supply pantry. I removed, counted, sorted, and restocked supplies, <10>before adding the additional resources we brought from the United States. After I cleaned and organized the supply pantry, I assisted a visiting nutritionist with distributing vitamins to the locals. <11>
a.NO CHANGE
b.sorted, and restocked, supplies
c.sorted and restocked supplies
d.sorted and restocked, supplies
A. NO CHANGE
A is correct because of commas. B, C, and D are incorrect because the answers contain inaccurate comma placement when separating items in a list.
Passage 1
Because it is filled with contradictions, performance is also filled with risk. This is the domain of stage fright. The actor is aware that appearing in front of an audience is a scary proposition. Maintaining the reality of the character is,
5 in itself, a fragile affair; it demands of the actor a series of complex transformations. The actor has the unique problem of hiding and showing at the same time. The actor’s conscious fear is not about making a mistake, but about allowing the audience to see something that it is not supposed to see:
10 namely, the performer’s fear, or stage fright.
Passage 2
The term “stage fright” has largely dropped out of use, because we know now that dwelling on something this malevolent gives it power. If I tell you not to be afraid, you may dwell on your fear. If I say, do not think of
15 fast-food burgers under any circumstances, a line of them will parade through your mind. The key to most fears is substitution. On the simplest level, you replace the ogre with something less menacing to fill your consciousness. If you will imagine yourself to be a
20 host rather than an actor, and think more about the comfort of your listeners than their verdicts, everything will fall into place.
In the context of Passage 1, the phrase "Maintaining the reality of the character" (line 4) most directly refers to
a.believing oneself to be the character
b.playing the character in a way that resembles real life
c.presenting to the audience only behavior relevant to the character
d.showing the audience how the character sees a situation
e.keeping the character from becoming purely imaginative
presenting to the audience only behavior relevant to the character
Choice (C) is correct. Passage 1 suggests that “maintaining the reality of the character” involves the “unique problem of hiding and showing at the same time” (lines 4-7). The text further suggests that the actor must not allow “the audience to see something it is not supposed to see: namely, the performer's fear, or stage fright” (lines 9-11). This suggests that the actor must hide things that do not relate to the character and, by extension, show the audience only behavior relevant to the character.