Luther and Doctrine
What document made Martin Luther famous in 1517?
The Ninety-Five Theses
Who was Holy Roman Emperor during Luther’s revolt?
Charles V
In what year did Luther publish the Ninety-Five Theses?
1517
What invention helped Protestant ideas spread rapidly?
The printing press
What great Catholic council began in 1545?
The Council of Trent
Luther taught salvation by ______ alone.
Faith
hy was the Holy Roman Empire difficult for Charles V to control completely?
It contained many territories and rulers with divided authority
What important meeting involving Luther happened in 1521?
The Diet of Worms
Who protected Luther after Worms?
Frederick the Wise
What did Catholic reform seek to do besides defend doctrine?
Correct abuses / improve conduct
What is private judgment?
Interpreting Scripture apart from the Church’s authoritative teaching
Name one foreign enemy that distracted Charles V from Germany.
Daily Double: France or the Ottoman Turks
At what meeting did the name “Protestant” originate?
The Diet of Speyer
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
An alliance of Protestant princes
What was the Augsburg Confession?
Daily Double: A statement of Lutheran beliefs
Give one way Luther’s teaching differed from Catholic doctrine.
Faith along; private judgment; stronger view of fallen human nature, etc.
Why did support from German rulers help Protestantism survive?
Charles V depended on local rulers to enforce imperial decisions
Put these in order: Worms, Ninety-Five Theses, Peace of Augsburg.
Ninety-Five Theses → Worms → Peace of Augsburg
Why might some German rulers support Protestantism for political reasons?
Greater local power, control of churches, seizure of Church lands/wealth
What did the Peace of Augsburg decide?
Catholic or Lutheran religion could be chosen by territorial rulers
Explain the Catholic distinction concerning Original Sin.
Human nature is wounded by Original Sin, not completely destroyed
Why was Charles V unable to stop the spread of Protestantism?
Divided imperial authority, protection by rulers, wars with France/Ottomans, Protestant alliances, spread of ideas
What happened in 1555, and why was it important?
Peace of Augsburg; reduced conflict by recognizing Catholic and Lutheran territories
Why did the Peace of Augsburg fail to restore Christian unity?
It legalized division rather than ending it; rulers chose religion and other groups remained outside the settlement
How did Catholic reform combine teaching and conduct?
It defended Catholic doctrine while correcting genuine abuses and promoting reform