TX/AX #2

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100

What are signs and symptoms of stress?

      predictable muscle tension patterns, breathing          problems, suppressed immune response

• Hypertonicity in the muscles of the neck leads to headaches
• Tension in the muscles of the lumbar area causes back pain
• Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ) commonly results from teeth grinding and jaw clenching
• apical breathing contributes to hypertonicity of the respiratory muscles of the neck, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Shortness of breath may result; asthma attack can occur to people with asthma 
• feelings of anxiety, depression, and irritability 
• gastrointestinal tract is affected - constipation, diarrhea, IBS, upset stomach, nausea. Stress can exacerbate ulcer’s 
• weight gain or loss
• skin eruptions (ex. eczema, acne, herpes simplex) 
• Insomnia 
• decreased immune response leads to increased risk of catching a cold/flu
• chronic stress has been linked to rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, asthma, cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, hormonal imbalances, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart attack 
• stress aggravates spasticity and other symptoms associated with central nervous system lesions such as hemiplegia, MS, and spinal cord injuries 
• anxiety disorder or panic attack may occur

200

Signs / Symptoms of constipation

• straining, pain, or discomfort when passing stools
• infrequent bowel movements 
• small, hard like rabbit or pellet stools
• abdominal pain, cramps, or discomfort intermittently 
• low back pain or discomfort 
• bloating and flatulence 
• hemorrhoids 
• a bad taste in mouth, bad breath (halitosis), nausea, lack of appetite 
• headaches, irritability, malaise from distention of the rectal wall

300

What is my fav colour

Aquamarine 

400

What is my middle name

Christopher

500

Do i like school

No

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100

Which ax test/procedure should be performed to rule out severe abdominal problems when constipation is suspected?

Rebound test

200

What technique would NOT be used for stress relief because of their ineffectiveness for relaxation?

Tapotement are used sparingly as that is a stimulating technique. 

300

What bodily functions are an effect of constipation treatment?

bowel movements

400

What can you do to avoid constipation?

• diaphragmatic breathing
• exercise  
• increased water and fibre intake
• do not resist the urge to go
• while using the toilet, use a stool to place feet on to increase hip flexion and facilitating bearing down

500

Which hydrotherapy is used to stimulate the colon?

Heat relaxes muscles 

• warm: such as a heating pad, placed on abdomen to increase local circulation 
• cold/cool: stimulate the colon
• reflexively will also decrease the sympathetic nervous system firing

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100

Study each massage technique and know how to apply it and what the effect is.

• Stroking: applied superficially, minimum amount of pressure, long or short movements, palmar surface of the hand or fingers is used, pressure is applied equally through surface of hand or fingers, direction can be centripetal or centrifugal, lubricant is not necessary, can be applied directly on the skin or over the sheets
• effleurage: using hand with fingers together, ulnar border of the forearm can be used (usually on larger body parts, leg/back), the surface of the hand/fingers/forearm should conform to the contours of the clients tissue/limb being touched, pressure is applied broadly and through the entire surface of the structure being used (hand, fingers, forearm), light to moderate depth, classically a long stroke covering the entire length of clients limb, direction is centripetal, return stroke does not have pressure
• petrissage: includes: muscle squeezing, muscle stripping, wringing, picking up, skin rolling, and kneading; can use palm, fingertips, thumb, forearm, knuckle, one or both hands can be used; any technique which rhythmically compresses and releases tissue; often applied using short strokes; contact is maintained with clients tissue throughout; some petrissage is applied centripetally, other’s the direction of pressure, whether more lateral or vertical once initial lift is made, depends on the specific technique
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  • muscle squeezing: muscle is compressed between the palm and fingers, or both palms. pressure is slightly vertical 
  • muscle stripping: thumb, elbow, ulnar border of the hand, or fingertips are used. moderate to deep pressure, contours of the muscles are followed, often distal to proximal. pressure applied along the fibre direction
  • wringing: both hands are used. tension is created as each hand moves in the opposite direction and then back to the initial position. pressure changes during the technique, more pressure used when the tissue is lifted and torqued, less pressure at the beginning and end of movement 
  • picking up: fingers and thenar eminence of the palms of the hands squeeze the muscle, lifting it up from the underlying tissue using a vertical pressure
  • skin rolling: thumb and fingers lift the skin and gently roll over the area being treated. a slow speed is used to palpate superficially restricted areas. slowly roll the tissue back and forth over the adhesion to release it. can grasp more tissue to preform deeper skin rolling
  • kneading: thumb, fingertips, palmar surface or ulnar border of the hand or forearm. short, rhythmical unidirectional or circular movements. pressure peaks in middle of the technique. can be applied in alternating circles. when deeper pressure is needed, use one hand or thumb and reinforce/support with the opposite hand
• vibrations: one or two hands. contract the muscles of the forearm
• tapotement: all techniques are percussive and rhythmic, usually two hands alternately applying the pressure. can use fingertips, ulnar borders of hands, full palmar surfaces of the hands, or fists.
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  • light: hands are light and springy, with wrists relaxed, applied superficially with no force. 
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    • pincement: tissue gently plucked between the thumb and fingertips 
    • tapping: tissue is tapped with the fingertips
  • heavy: hands are firm, with wrists relaxed. deeper force is used
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    • hacking: ulnar border of hand. for less force, hand is relaxed, for more force, hand is stiff
    • clapping/cupping: hand is in a cup shaped position, with the fingers and thumb together, the wrist is pronated, the tissue is stuck with alternating hands. “clapping” noise should be heard
    • beating: loose fist. can use the extensor surface of the phalanges of the digits (like knocking on a door) or the ulnar surface of the fist (like pounding a table)
• Diaphragmatic breathing: three steps. 1st: while client is in supine, therapist places hands on clients abdomen and ask client to lift up therapists hands with clients breath. 2nd: therapist places hands on lateral parts of rib cage. client is instructed to move therapist hands out with breathing. 3rd: therapist places fingertips of one hand on the manubrium, just below sternal notch, client is asked to breathe into this area and lift your sternum. breathing should be slow, full, and not forced. client should not hyperventilate 
• shaking: therapist comfortably grasps either muscle belly for direct shaking or the distal limb for indirect shaking, moves tissue back and forth at an even rhythm 
• rocking: therapist moves the client’s body part in a rhythmic manner and then allows it to return to its original position. rocking motion is continued, allowing adjacent joints to moves. Rate is variable from gentle to vigorous

200

The Effect of each massage technique 

• stroking effect: considered to be soothing technique that decreases sympathetic nervous system firing and reduces pain perception
• effleurage: more reflexive effect on circulation if less pressure is used and a more mechanical effect if deeper pressure is used, repetitive and sweeping effleurage is used to increase local venous and lymphatic return, to increase local circulation or to reduce edema, slow rhythmic has a sedative effect decreasing sympathetic nervous system firing and reducing pain and muscle hypertonicity, quick and erratic is stimulating
• petrissage: affect local circulation while being applied. increased drag on skin can loosen muscle fibre and connective tissue adhesions. if only the skin layer is engaged, only the superficial fascia is addressed. muscle hypertonicity is reduced due to repetitive movements. can be soothing or stimulating. repetitive muscle stripping and skin rolling are used to treat trigger points in a muscle belly. skin rolling is used as an assessment technique to check for superficial fascial restrictions and trigger points. 
• vibrations: create stimulation of the body. useful in painful areas which are hyposensitive or need sensory re-education (ex. cast coming off) fine vibrations are soothing, more so than coarse vibrations. can assist with loosening the mucus present in respiratory conditions. can be used to decrease muscle tone if applied to muscle tendons for up to 30 seconds
• tapotement: to loosen mucus in clients with respiratory conditions. heavy or prolonged light tapotement increases local circulation. generally stimulating and increases sympathetic nervous system firing. heavy tapotement may elicit the stretch reflex of the muscles it is applied to, temporarily increasing tone. light tapotement stimulates hypotrophied muscles and desensitizing areas such as amputation sites or tissue just after a cast was removed
• diaphragmatic breathing: increases relaxation, lymphatic flow, efficiency of gas exchange, stretching techniques, also decreases pain and stress
• shaking: reflexively relaxes muscles, indirect shaking creates succussive action at the joint
• rocking: reflexively relaxes muscles, mobilizes the joint capsule, and increases succussive action

300

What size is my shoe

12.5 MENS. 

400

Review draping – What is it? Why do we do it? What are the landmarks?

• draping is designed to make the client feel comfortable, secure, and warm during the treatment
• draping is a boundary
• landmarks: 

1. prone: undrape the back to PSIS levels; undrape the leg to the greater trochanter so the gluteal muscles are accessible, undraping to the lateral iliac crest may be indicated so gluteal attachments are accessible
2. sidelying: undrape back to iliac crest; undrape the leg to the greater trochanter, ensuring the genital area and gluteal cleft are covered, undraping to the lateral iliac crest may be indicated so gluteal and tensor fascia lata attachments are accessible
3. supine: undrape the pectoral muscles, with a female client undrape to the rise of the breasts - therapist should be able to get one hand between the clavicle and the line of the drape; undrape abdomen to ASIS, with a female client, the lines are the ASIS levels and the xiphoid process, a towel is used to cover breasts; undrape legs to greater trochanter, within a few inches of the adductor attachments 

500

Do men or women walk faster? Okay…who has a faster cadence? 

Females technically walk slower than male even though they have a faster cadence than men - it is not true if you were to read females typically walk faster than men*