Author's Purpose
What does the P in P.I.E stand for?
Persuade
Define divisive.
Causing a disagreement
What is inductive reasoning?
Specific examples leading to general conclusions
What is rhetoric?
The art of speaking or writing persuasively.
What does the I in P.I.E stand for?
Inform
Bus engines are often left running while they wait for students at the end of the day; those buses churn out fumes that are harmful to both the environment and the students. Requiring thoughtless drivers to kill the engines reduces pollution and makes the air around the school more breathable for young students.
What is the meaning of the word kill as it is used in this paragraph?
A. to cause the death of
B. to put an end to
C. to cause to stop
D. to positively impress
C. To cause to stop
What is deductive reasoning?
General principles leading to specific conclusions.
Why do people use rhetorical questions?
To emphasize a positive or negative point.
What does the E in P.I.E stand for?
Entertain
Read the sentences from the text.
Through the night of their bondage, the unconquerable will of heroes has struck with the swift, sharp thrust of lightning. (paragraph 17)
What does President Eisenhower emphasize with the use of the phrase “the swift, sharp thrust of lightning”?
A. the confidence of opponents of Communism that they are right
What is abductive reasoning?
Observations of patterns leading to the most likely conclusions.
What is ethos?
Appeal to ethics (values/beliefs) and credibility.
What is one of President Eisenhower’s purposes in the speech?
A. to persuade his audience that Communism is a threat
Which word choices from the speech support the purpose in Part A? (What is one of President Eisenhower's purposes in the speech?)
B. divisive, dark, enslaved
Name one type of logical fallacy and provide the definition of it.
Ad Populum - to claim something is true because many people think it.
Hasty Generalization - a claim made without enough evidence
Slippery Slope - a claim made that states one event leads to another and so on until it gets to an awful conclusion
False Analogy - the assumption that two things share multiple similarities simply because they have one thing in common
Circular Reasoning - when evidence offered to support a claim is just repeating the claim
What is pathos?
Appeal to emotion.
Read the sentences from the passage.
May we, in our dealings with all peoples of the earth, ever speak truth and serve justice.
And so shall America—in the sight of all men of good will—prove true to the honorable purposes that bind and rule us as a people in all this time of trial through which we pass. (paragraphs 8–9)
How does this section convey President Eisenhower’s purpose in the speech?
D. It shows that he wants to highlight some positive traits in the world before discussing a global problem.
Read the sentence from the speech.
We look upon this shaken earth, and we declare our firm and fixed purpose—the building of a peace with justice in a world where moral law prevails. (paragraph 18)
The word prevail is made up of the Latin roots pre, meaning “before,” and valere, meaning “power.” Based on this information, what is the meaning of prevail?
D. to prove stronger
In the speech, how does President Eisenhower use abductive reasoning to draw conclusions about the state of the world?
B. He uses many examples of struggling countries to suggest that the world is changing for the worse.
What is logos?
Appeal to logic.