Classical conditioning
The researcher who first described classical conditioning
Who is Ivan Pavlov (1897/1902)?
The experiment that demonstrated learned fear in a child
What is the Little Albert experiment (Watson & Rayner, 1920)?
The experiment conditioned the child, "Little Albert", to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.
The researcher known for developing operant conditioning
Who is B.F. Skinner (1948)?
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of behaviour recurring
What is punishment?
The psychologist who developed social learning theory
Who is Albert Bandura (1977)?
The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov’s experiment
What is food?
When the conditioned response decreases after repeated non-reinforcement
What is extinction?
Extinction occurs when the subject is repeatedly exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the fear-conditioning stimulus--in Albert's case, the loud sound. Over time, the participant's fear fades due to repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the negative consequence
Behaviour strengthened by adding a pleasant consequence
What is positive reinforcement?
A consequence that increases the likelihood of behaviour recurring
What is reinforcement?
The name of Bandura’s famous experiment
What is the Bobo doll experiment?
The unconditioned response (UCR) in Pavlov’s experiment
What is salivation?
When an extinguished response reappears after rest
What is spontaneous recovery?
Behaviour strengthened by removing an unpleasant stimulus
What is negative reinforcement?
A child cleans their room to stop their parent from nagging them.
A child cleans their room to stop their parent from nagging them.
A car's seatbelt reminder beeps until you buckle your seatbelt, which is the desired behavior that stops the annoying noise.
The tendency for a behaviour to occur in similar situations
What is stimulus generalisation?
Learning by watching others and imitating their behaviour
What is modelling?
The neutral stimulus (NS) that became the conditioned stimulus (CS)
What is the bell?
The process of responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus
What is stimulus discrimination?
(If Albert had only feared the white rat, and not generalised his fear to other white furry objects like the rabbit)
The process where behaviour stops when reinforcement is removed
What is extinction?
Learning to respond to a specific stimulus but not others
What is discrimination?
Learning by observing the consequences of others’ actions
What is vicarious conditioning?
The conditioned response (CR) after repeated pairings
What is salivation to the bell?
The process of responding the same way to similar stimuli
What is stimulus generalisation?
(When Albert showed fear in response to other stimuli that were similar to a white rat, including fluffy white toys, a white rabbit, santa clause with a white beard)
Giving an undesirable consequence after an unwanted behavior to make it less appealing. It aims to stop the behavior from happening
eg. A student who disrupts class is sent to the Reflection Room
A police officer gives a speeding ticket to a driver.
What is positive punishment?
Negative punishment: the removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
Grounding a teenager for breaking their curfew.
Removing a student's access to a favorite activity or item for misbehaving.
Having a driver's license revoked after a DUI.
The reappearance of a previously reinforced behaviour after a rest period
What is spontaneous recovery?
The four key processes in observational learning
What are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation?