Hypothesis Testing
A statement about the population that we wish to test and states that there has been no change, or that an effect is zero.
What is the null hypothesis?
The number of standard deviations a particular score is away from the mean.
What is a z score?
Symbol used to denote the number of participants in each group in an independent samples t-test.
What is n? (NOT N)
Assumption that data in each population being sampled is normally distributed.
What is normality?
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Experimental decision that is made when there is a change in the hypothesized direction.
What is to reject the null?
The mean of the z-distribution
What is 0?
The common alpha level used.
What is 0.05?
Assumption that all population members had an equal likelihood of being chosen to participate in the study (although rarely met in practice).
What is random sampling?
Theoretical sampling distribution that summarizes a population in which scores are symmetrical around the mean.
What is the normal distribution?
This type of test includes values that differ in one direction from the null hypothesis value. For example, H1: m > 50.
What is a one-tailed/directional test?
The standard deviation of the z distribution.
What is 1?
The difference between z-tests and one-sample t-tests, is that we're missing this piece of information.
What is the standard deviation of the population (sigma)?
Assumption that one participant's responses on the DV does NOT influence other participants' responses on the DV.
What is independence (of observations)?
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This results from a decision to reject H0, when in reality H0 TRUE.
What is a Type I error?
Another name for z-scores.
What is standard scores?
When your |tobt| > |tcrit|, you would make this statistical decision (related to your non-directional hypothesis).
What is Reject H0?
Assumption that the standard deviation of one group sampled is not different than the standard deviation of other group sampled.
What is equal variances?
Official term to describe the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
What is the standard error of the mean?
Hypothesis testing prioritizes preventing this type of error.
What is a Type I Error?
Shorthand (in symbols) for one-tailed null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis predicts that the sample mean is less than the population mean.
What is H0: Xbar >/= mu ?
t represents a family of distributions based on this. (i.e., there is a different t-distribution for each _____)
What is degrees of freedom (or sample size)?
As **___ increases/decreases**, parametric statistics become more robust against violations of assumptions.
What is "as N increases"?
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