Reg. of Gene Expression
The length of promoters.
Bonus - The number of base pairs away from the transcription start site.
6 nucleotides
Bonus - 10-35 base pairs upstream
Kinases associated with cytokine receptors belong to this family.
What is the Janus kinase (JAK) family?
A spontaneous change in the chemical structure of DNA.
What is mutation?
Translocations between two acrocentric chromosomes.
What are Robertsonian Translocations?
What is FAK?
Focal adhesion kinase
The way enhancers are like promoters.
What is 'they bind to transcription factors that then regulate RNA polymerase' ?
The key targets of JAK kinases.
What are STAT proteins, transcription factors with SH2 domains?
The strength of a selection, how fast traits change over generations. Measure of how beneficial a trait is to a population.
What is the selection coefficient?
The five examples of structural abnormalities in chromosomes.
What are
1) Deletion of a piece
2) Duplication of a piece
3) Translocation of a piece of one chromosome on to a non-homologous chromosome.
4) Insertion of one piece of chromosome into a non-homologous chromosome5) Formation of a ring chromosome
Methylation of lysine at site # and site # results in inactive chromatin.
9, 27
The other elements in the promoters that are associated with transcription.
What are initiator elements (Inr), TFIIB recognition elements (CRE) and downstream elements (DCE, MTE, DPE)
JAK proteins do this to STAT proteins, which then allow them to dimerize and translocate to this place.
What is phosphorylate? What is the nucleus?
The primary force in shaping human genetic variations
What are genetic bottlenecks?
Klinefelter Syndrome is when there is an extra what?
X chromosome, so males are XXY
Other factors that act to modify chromatin structure.
What are corepressors?
The two mechanisms that activation domain uses to stimulate transcription.
These also serve as receptors that activate this type of signaling pathway, in addition to attaching cells to the extracellular matrix.
What are integrins? What are intracellular signaling pathways?
Allele frequencies will reach an equilibrium in the admixed populations with either of these.
1) High right of gene flow
2) A long enough time of extended gene flow
Describe the duplication structural abnormality.
Results in partial trisomy for genes in the duplicated portion, duplicated chromosome is longer with more bands than its normal homolog.
What is 'catalyzes peptide bond formation'
Elongation is required how
The polymerase pauses within ~50 nucleotides to negative regulatory factors (NELF and DSIF). Continuation of transcription depends on P-TEFb (positive transcription-elongation factor-b)
Integrin binds to extracellular matrix -> ? -> an association with FAK -> ? -> ?
1) promotes integrin clustering
2) autophosphorylation
3) docking site for several signaling mechanisms like Src
How do we know if a particular locus in being impacted by evolutionary forces?
What are
1) Blood
2) Amniotic Fluid
3) Chorionic Villus Samples (CVS)
4) Skin fibroblast cultures
5) Bone marrow
6) Solid tumors
What does it mean for GTP hydrolysis to be the rate limiting step?
It allows time for proofreading of the codon-anticodon pairing before the peptide bond formation.