The Muscular System
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
What does epidemiology study?
The distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations
Name one modifiable risk factor for heart disease.
Smoking, diet, physical inactivity, high blood pressure
What is a hypothesis?
A testable statement predicting an outcome
What is the function of skeletal muscles?
Movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production
What type of muscle is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
What disease did Doll and Hill link to smoking?
Lung cancer
What is herd immunity?
When enough people are immune to a disease, it prevents spread to those who are not immune
What does 'randomisation' mean in a study?
Participants are assigned to groups by chance to reduce bias
Name a function of the cardiovascular system.
Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric contractions?
Concentric shortens the muscle, eccentric lengthens it
What was the key innovation of the Streptomycin Tuberculosis Trial?
Use of randomisation in medical research
How do vaccines prevent the spread of infectious diseases?
They stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
What type of study follows a group of people over time?
Cohort study
What are the four main components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
What is the smallest functional unit of a muscle?
Sarcomere
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Incidence is new cases over time; prevalence is total cases at a given time
What is primary prevention? Give an example.
Actions to prevent disease before it occurs, e.g., vaccinations
What is the placebo effect?
Why is a control group important in an experiment?
How do neurons transmit messages?
Through electrical and chemical signals via synapses
Name a muscle that is named after its shape.
Trapezius (trapezoidal), Deltoid (triangular)
What was the Framingham Study’s main focus?
Cardiovascular disease risk factors
What is the difference between endemic and pandemic diseases?
Endemic is common in a specific area; pandemic is global spread
Why is a control group important in an experiment?
To compare results and determine if the treatment is effective
What is homeostasis, and why is it important?
The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, crucial for survival