Research Methods
this type of study involves observing participants in their natural environment without interference
what is naturalistic observation
a process that occurs when a person's behavior or thinking changes as a result of experience , or picking up newfound knowledge
what is learning?
proposed a theory of psychosocial development with 8 stages
Who is Erik Erikson
simulated prison study that revealed how quickly people conform to social roles of authority or submission.
what is the stanford prison experiment?
ethical guideline ensures that participants are aware of what their participation will involve and agree to it
what is informed consent?
this research method involves manipulation one variable to determine if it causes changes in another variable
the ability to focus on one particular thing or task while ignoring others
what is selective attention?
known for studying cognitive development in children and proposed 4 major stages
who is jean piaget?
controversial study tested obedience by having participants believe they were delivering electric shocks to another person.
what is miligram obedience experiment?
refers to the requirement that participants' personal information and data be kept private and not shared without consent
what is confidentiality?
the variable that is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
what is the independent variable
the ability to retain and retrieve information over time
what is memory?
stage where children begin using logical reasoning with concrete objects but struggle with abstract ideas
what is concrete operational stage
experiment showed people would conform to a group’s incorrect answer, even when the correct one was obvious
what is asch conformity experiement?
researchers ensure equality and to treat every participant fairly
what is fairness?
what is the correlation coefficient
a type of bias that happens when someone interprets information in a way that supports existing beliefs
what is confirmation bias?
stage where toddlers either gain a sense of independence or feel shame and doubt their abilities
what is autonomy vs shame and doubt?
experiment by elizabeth loftus demonstrated how false memories could be implanted in individuals, causing them to believe they experienced events that never actually happened.
what is false memory experiment?
participants have the ability to leave the study at any time without any penalty.
what is voluntary participation?
this type of study ensures that neither the experimenter or the participants know which group the participants are in
what is a double-blind study
when you say you predicted the outcome of something that has no possible way of being predicted. "I knew it all along"
what is hindsight bias?
final stage in Erikson’s theory, where older adults reflect on their life with either satisfaction or regret
what is integrity vs despair ?
study separated identical triplets at birth for research on nature vs. nurture, without informing the families.
what is the neubauer twin/triplet study?
after a study is completed, participants should be told the full details of the research, especially if any deception was used.
what is debriefing