Research Design
The process of making observations, thinking of questions, formulating and testing hypotheses, gathering and analyzing data, and developing and refining theories.
What is the scientific method?
A research method in which the researcher studies behavior in its natural setting without intervention or manipulation.
What is naturalistic observation?
A participant must provide this to indicate voluntary participation before taking part in a study.
What is informed consent?
A p-value below this value indicates statistical significance.
What is 0.05?
The tendency for people to believe, after an event, that they knew it all along or that the outcome was predictable.
What is hindsight bias?
Clues or features of a study that reveal the researcher’s expectations to the participants, leading them to behave in a different way from their natural behavior.
What are demand characteristics?
The two defining features of experimental research.
What is (1) manipulation of a variable and (2) random assignment?
When a research project does not collect identifying information from participants, or the data cannot be linked to anyone's personal identity.
What is anonymity?
The value that appears most frequently in a set of data.
What is the mode?
A bias where people with low ability in a particular domain greatly overestimate their own competence in that domain.
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
A research study where neither participants nor researchers know which is the experimental or control group.
What is a double-blind experiment?
Interpret the strength and direction of the following correlation coefficient: 0.8.
What is a strong, positive relationship?
True or false: Research only has to protect participants from physical harm.
What is false?
A type of frequency distribution where the mean is lower than the median.
What is negative skew?
This bias occurs when some members of an intended population have a higher chance of being chosen than others, resulting in non-generalizable findings.
What is sampling bias?
Random assignment attempts to control for this type of variable.
What is a confounding variable?
An in-depth investigation of a single individual, family, event, or other entity. This type of research is limited in the extent to which the findings may be generalized.
What is a case study?
An independent committee that reviews, approves, and monitors research involving human subjects to protect their rights, safety, and welfare.
What is an IRB?
The range in the following data set: 5, 2, 8, 12.
What is 10?
An error that occurs when people fail to consider the general prevalence of an event when evaluating the probability of an outcome.
What is base rate neglect?
The process of turning abstract concepts or unobservable ideas into concrete, measurable variables.
What is operationalization?
This type of research uses statistical methods to combine data from multiple independent studies to find an overall conclusion.
What is a meta-analysis?
An ethical and communicative process where researchers explain the true purpose, goals, and design of a study to participants after their involvement ends.
What is debriefing?
What is -2?
An error that makes survival times look longer when a disease is diagnosed earlier, even if the patient's actual time of death does not change.
What is lead time bias?