Research Process & Design
The name of the process that involves making observations, coming up with research questions, generating and testing hypotheses, gathering and analyzing data, and refining and altering our theories.
What is the scientific method?
The only type of research design that can establish causality.
What is an experiment?
The THREE measures of central tendency.
What are mean, median, mode?
Another name for the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon.
What is hindsight bias?
What are directed attention and learning?
The principle that a hypothesis must be capable of being proven wrong or incorrect.
What is falsifiability, or having a falsifiable hypothesis?
A relationship between two variables in which one variable tends to increase as the other decreases.
What is a negative correlation?
Your z-score if you scored a 92 on an exam where the average score was a 92 and the standard deviation was 2.
What is zero?
Something participants must sign before participating in a research study.
What is an informed consent form?
The most effective way of studying, according to Karpicke & Blunt's study.
What is retrieval practice/testing and quizzing yourself?
A type of experiment where neither the participants nor the administrating researchers know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the control.
What is a double-blind experiment?
A type of research design that examines and synthesizes data from a number of independent studies of the same subject to determine overall trends.
What is meta-analysis?
The range in the following data set: 11, 2, 12, 7, 5, 6
What is 10?
A cognitive bias where people with low ability or competence in a given area tend to overestimate their own skill and knowledge.
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
The TWO types of research designs used in Dunn et al., Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness.
What are correlation and experiment?
How the dependent variable is operationalized in the following prompt: In a class of psychology students, half of the students were asked to stand up and half were asked to sit down while they all completed the Stroop test. Their completion times were then measured to determine the effect of body engagement on selective attention.
What is completion time on the Stroop test?
The TWO defining features of an experimental design.
What are (1) manipulation of the independent variable and (2) random assignment into groups?
The p-value for statistically significant data is conventionally considered to be below this number.
What is 0.05 (or 5%)?
A bias that would limit the generalizability of a study that collects all of its data from CGPS students taking Advanced Psychology.
What is sampling bias?
The most effective way of studying, as predicted by most participants at the beginning of Karpicke & Blunt's first study.
What is repeated study/reading and reviewing the material multiple times?
The amount of caffeine each participant had is this type of variable in the following prompt: In a class of psychology students, half of the students were asked to stand up and half were asked to sit down while they all completed the Stroop test. Their completion times were then measured to determine the effect of body engagement on selective attention.
What is a confounding variable?
Findings from this type of research study are the least generalizable to a larger population.
What is a case-study?
The percentage of the data that falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean in a normal distribution.
What is 68%?
An ethical principle specifying that none of the collected data can be traced back to any individual participant.
What is anonymity?
The THREE groups whose attention and learning were measured by researchers in Ginns et al., Rest Breaks Aid Directed Attention and Learning.
What are no rest, unstructured rest, and nature-based rest?