Perspective Check
This psychological perspective emphasizes observable, measurable behaviors and how they are learned through conditioning and reinforcement.
What is the Behavioral perspective?
This is the only research method capable of manipulating variables in a controlled setting to establish a true cause-and-effect relationship.
What is experimental research (or an experiment)?
In an experiment, this variable is directly manipulated by the experimenter to observe its potential effects.
What is the independent variable?
The tendency to believe, after an outcome has occurred, that one would have predicted or foreseen it all along.
What is hindsight bias?
This measure of central tendency represents the exact middle value in a data set when ordered from smallest to largest.
What is the median?
Founded by Sigmund Freud, this perspective highlights the role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in shaping behavior.
What is the Psychodynamic (or Psychoanalytic) perspective?
In this observational research method, subjects are studied in their natural environment without any interference or manipulation by the researcher.
What is naturalistic observation?
This group in an experiment receives no active treatment or placebo, serving as a baseline for comparison against experimental groups.
What is the control group?
The cognitive bias characterized by an overestimation of our own knowledge or ability to perform a task accurately.
What is overconfidence?
In a data set containing the pet counts 2, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 2, and 4, this number is the mode.
What is 2?
This perspective focuses on human growth, free will, motivation, and the pursuit of self-actualization.
What is the Humanistic perspective?
An in-depth, detailed examination of a single individual or small group, often used to explore rare or unusual phenomena like the "Jim Twins".
What is a case study?
This essential procedure ensures every participant in a study has an equal chance of being placed in either the control or experimental group, controlling for confounding variables.
What is random assignment?
The tendency to search for, interpret, and favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is confirmation bias?
As weekly running distance increases, body weight decreases; this scatterplot pattern represents this specific type of correlation.
What is a negative correlation?
This perspective centers on internal mental processes, such as how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
What is the Cognitive perspective?
Dr. Wilson combines and analyzes the quantitative findings from 50 separate published studies on CBT for depression to draw a comprehensive conclusion using this research method.
What is a meta-analysis?
A study procedure in which both the participants and the experimenters who interact with them are unaware of group assignments to eliminate experimenter bias.
What is a double-blind study?
Believing that wearing bright-colored socks on exam day directly causes higher test scores is a classic example of perceiving a relationship where none actually exists, known as this.
What is an illusory correlation?
According to the Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7 Rule) for a normal bell curve, this exact percentage of data falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
What is 68%?
Developed by George Engel, this modern perspective offers a holistic view of human behavior and health by integrating biological, psychological, and social factors.
What is the Biopsychosocial perspective?
A researcher wants to determine if childhood trauma directly causes chronic anxiety in adulthood. Although a case study or correlational study can be conducted, an experiment cannot be used to prove this specific relationship due to this primary constraint.
What are ethical considerations / ethical limitations (or the inability to ethically manipulate independent variables that cause harm)?
A researcher defines stress strictly as "a participant's heart rate exceeding 100 bpm during a 5-minute timed math test," demonstrating this key scientific practice needed for replication.
What is an operational definition (or operationalization)?
When survey participants give responses designed to make a favorable impression or align with perceived social norms rather than stating their true behavior, they display this bias.
What is social-desirability bias?
In inferential statistics, an experiment's findings are considered statistically significant when the p-value is below this standard threshold, indicating less than a 5% likelihood the results occurred by chance.
What is p < .05?