Approaches
Developed by Sigmund Freud, this approach frames all findings and explanations around the resolution of unconscious desires and repressed memories.
Psychodynamic Approach
This statistical phenomenon occurs when the mean, median, and mode are all identical in a data set.
Normal Distribution
This is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behavior or events
Theory
Anon watches a political debate and leaves the viewing with only positive reactions to the candidate he prefers despite there being some objective problems with the candidate's answers. This bias is at play.
Confirmation Bias
This group is used to evaluate and approve psychological research before it commences to make sure it meets ethical standards.
IRB - Institutional Review Board
Mr. Nichols repeatedly assigned exit tickets during the first weeks of school because, in previous classes, he found that this form of external stimuli resulted in a motivational outcome of reinforcement or punishment for his students. He exemplifies this approach.
When comparing two sets of data, this measure of central tendency is the easiest way to determine which has a larger or smaller standard deviation.
The range
In an experiment, a researcher wants to measure the effects of watching a RomCom on a viewer's happiness. To successfully measure the effectiveness of RomCom viewing, what must the researcher do to the dependent variable in this example?
Operationally define happiness
- Give viewers a quantifiable happiness survey after watching
- Count how many times a viewer smiles while watching
Susie goes to the dentist's office for the first time in 6 years. When asked by the dental hygienist when she last got her teeth cleaned, she says it was 2 years ago because she lived out of town for a period of time. What bias is at play here?
Social-Desirability Bias
Participants in a study on sleep quality might inaccurately report their sleep duration and disturbances due to misremembering, leading to unreliable data. This bais is shown here.
Self-Report Bias
As described by Abraham Maslow, this is considered to be the ultimate goal of a human being when applying the humanistic approach.
Self-Actualization
In a normally distributed data set, the mean is 75 and the standard deviation is 15. This is the z-score for a data point of 45.
z= -2
This research method usually focuses on a single phenomenon or individual, and although it's not generalizable, it can be a good starting place for more scientific research.
Case Study
Benjamin is completing a survey about how many books he reads each year. Forgetting that he listened to several audiobooks, and those are considered a valid answer in the survey, Benjamin underreports his reading behavior. This is an example of which bias?
Self-Report Bias
A double-blind study is the most effective way to accurately measure the impacts of this phenomenon on research outcomes.
The placebo effect
Cynthia starts taking a new medication to help increase the amount of serotonin in her central nervous system believing this will improve her mood. Which approach does this action reflect?
Biological Approach
An AP Psych class took an assessment that produced a mean of 75%. Surprisingly, the mode of the data set is 89%. This statistical phenomenon is at play.
Negatively Skewed Distribition
This research method describes behavior as it occurs in a normally-occurring setting or location.
Naturalistic Observation
Researchers announce after the election results are posted that they knew all along that the upset that occurred would happen. What bias is at play here?
Hindsight Bias
Random assignment
In class, Mr. Nichols asked his students to reflect on their Quiz #1 and Quiz #2 after taking the assessments. The purpose was for students to analyze their thinking routines and decision-making while completing an academic task, demonstrating which approach.
Cognitive Approach
A group of students take an assessment and the mean turns out to be 83%, with the standard deviation of scores being 6. What is the percentile rank for a student who scored 71% on the assessment?
The percentile rank for this student is 2.5%
A researcher wants to look at the opinions of students at all-girls schools in Memphis. She pulls the full rosters from St. Agnes, Hutchison, and St. Mary's and uses a computer to pick 40 students from each school. This is represented by the 120 students.
Random Sample
Examining the link between exercise and stress using participants exclusively from a fitness club may overestimate benefits as gym-goers are generally more health-conscious. This is an example of which bias?
From the following correlation coefficients, this one demonstrates the strongest relationship between variables:
r = 0.54 r = - 0.79
r = - 1.21. r = 0.12r = - 0.79