Chapter 1
Define microorganisms
Organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Define covalent bond
Two atoms share electrons to fill valence shells
What are the two units of measurement in Microbiology?
Micrometer
Nanometer
Define mycology
The study of fungi
What is the pH scale (give numbers, acid, base, ions responsible for areas, & neutral)
0-14 is the pH scale
7, neutral H+ = OH-
Below 7 acid, Higher H+
Above 7 base, Higher OH-
Explain the difference between the Simple & Compound microscopes
Simple uses one lens for magnification
Compound uses 2 lenses for magnification
Who contributed the first vaccination?
List the 4 characteristics of water
1. Water is polar
2. Water is a great solvent
3. Water is a temperature buffer
4. Water participates in chemical reactions
Give the path of light through the microscope:
Light, Condenser, specimen, objective, body, & ocular
Who developed binomial nomenclature and what are the "first" and "second/last" names?
Carolus Linnaeus
Genus & species
List the 4 organic groups and the monomers of each:
Carbohydrate : monosaccharide
Lipids: glycerol & fatty Acids
Proteins: amino acids
Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
Explain the positive staining procedure:
Basic stain with positive chromophore stains bacterial cell because the positive chromophore is attracted to the negatively charged bacterial cell
Who disproved spontaneous generation and what was the experiment?
Louis Pasteur
Boiled nutrient broth in a S-shaped flask, no organisms grew and the vital force could enter
What does DNA stand for?
Give the four nucleotides and their bonding
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
Adenine bonds with Thymine
Guanine bonds with Cytosine
Give the 3 outcomes for heat fixing. Why do we heat fix?
1- denature enzymes that cause autolysis
2- Adhere smear to slide
3- Kills microbes