Particle Theory
How do particles act in all matter?
They are always moving
What state of matter is made of charged particles, can glow, and conducts electricity?
What is known as the universal solvent?
Water
How do you predict whether an object will sink or float in water?
Sink if density > 1 g/mL, float if density < 1 g/mL.
What is the formula for pressure?
P = Force / Area
What allows solids, liquids, and gases to be compressible to different degrees?
Tiny spaces between particles
What is it called when a solid changes directly into a gas?
Sublimation
What is the formula for making a solution?
Solute + Solvent → Solution.
According to Archimedes’ Principle, the buoyant force on an object equals what?
The weight of the fluid displaced.
How can you increase the pressure applied by a force?
Decrease surface area or increase force.
What happens to particles’ energy when temperature changes?
Particles gain energy when heated and lose energy when cooled.
What is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid?
Melting
What type of mixture looks like a single substance and is evenly mixed?
Homogeneous
What is the formula for density?
D = m / V
What is the main difference between hydraulics and pneumatics?
Hydraulic system uses liquids; pneumatic system uses gases.
What keeps solids together and allows liquids to flow?
Attraction between particles.
What is the process of changing from a gas directly to a solid?
Deposition
What type of mixture has small particles that don’t settle but can sometimes be seen under a microscope?
Colloid
How do design features of tinfoil boats like trapped air and wide flat surfaces increase their buoyancy?
Air trapped inside the boat reduces overall density and spreads the weight.
What does Pascal’s Law state about pressure in a confined fluid?
Pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.
List the 5 ideas of the particle model of matter
All matter is made of tiny particles.
Particles are always moving.
Particles have spaces between them.
Particles are attracted to each other.
Particles gain energy when heated and lose energy when cooled.
What is it called when a gas changes to plasma, like during lightning?
Ionization
What do you call a solution that contains more dissolved solute than it normally can at a given temperature?
Supersaturated
How do you calculate the buoyant force on a cube of aluminum that has mass 270 g and displaces 100 mL of water?
The cube displaces 0.1 kg of water, giving a buoyant force of 0.98 N.
How does a Cartesian diver work using concepts of pressure, density, and buoyancy?
The diver sinks because pressure increases, compressing the air and increasing density; releasing pressure makes it float.