Biological psychology
The name of the structure protecting messages/impulses travelling down a neuron?
Myelin sheath
Attachment can be defined as:
The emotional bond and connection between two people, typically an infant and the primary caregiver.
Finish the definition: an attitude is an evaluation a person makes about a -
Person, object, group, event or issue
Social influence is defined as:
how an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others
List the types of extraneous variables.
Researcher, Participant, Environment
True or false: the temporal lobe is responsible for long-term memory formation
True
What was the name of the experimenter who created the Strange Situation?
Mary Ainsworth
Self-report tests
Rating scales
Explain the role of compliance in social influence theory.
It involves being influenced to change your behaviour by the group due to wanting a reward or to avoid punishment.
What is an experimenter effect?
Where the experimenter consciously or unconsciously shares their expectation of the outcome of the study or experiment
Give three things the left hemisphere is responsible for.
Movement of right side of body
producing speech
comprehending language
writing
reasoning
logical thinking
mathematic processes
How many attachment types were determined by the Strange Situation?
Three
The affective component of the tripartite model is involved with:
Feelings/emotions
What are Kelman's three terms in relation to social influence theory?
Compliance, identification and internalisation
What is a mixed methods study?
Where both qualitative and quantitative data is collected
Parasympathetic system controls 'rest and digest.'
The sympathetic system controls...
Fight or flight
What word beginning with 's' defines the way in which Piaget believes we categorise external stimuli as we develop?
Schema
What is the IV and DV of the Festinger & Carlsmith forced compliance study?
IV = amount of reward used to encourage the participants
DV = the strength of their attitude towards how boring the task was
Contrast individualistic and collectivist cultures.
Individualistic = value people for standing out and the individual needs over the group
Collectivist = value the needs of the group over individual interests
What does the term 'validity' mean in research methods and name the types.
The degree to which a measurement tool evaluates what it is designed to measure
- internal validity (how sound the study methodology is, with minimal effect of confounding variables)
- external valdity (extent to which the results of research or testing can be generalized beyond the sample to the wider population)
Define 'nervous system.'
The system that produces and relays messages between the brain, spinal cord and a network of neurons
Piaget termed accommodation and assimilation as what?
Adaptation
Finish this sentence in relation to the forced compliance study: participants with a ______ incentive to comply changed their attitude to a __________ extent.
Low; greater
What is a normative factor affecting conformity and explain how it may be a conflict for someone.
When people conform because they want to be accepted by a group and not stand out, even if they don't share the same beliefs as the majority
Does the sample come from the population, or the population from the sample?
Sample from population
What is the other name for the cell body?
Soma
What was a criticism/limitation of Harlow's study?
No refinement; Monkeys experienced psychological pain (or other animal ethics)
As monkeys were used as the subjects, the results could not be generalised to humans
Explain how social influence can lead to prejudice.
We can learn prejudices from family, teachers, friends, etc. TV, movies and social media can play a part, as well as wanting to be a part of a group.
What is unanimity and how does it relate to conformity?
When people all agree about the same thing, increasing the likelihood of conforming.
How can you assess the reliability of an experiment?
Test-retest reliability: If the experiment can be replicated or repeated, with the same or similar results
Inter-rated reliability: multiple experimenters/raters have an agreement on and therefore are consistent in their observations of behaviour etc.
What are interneurons?
Accommodation helps us return to a state of ________________
Equilibrium
What is 'just world phenomenon'?
The assumption people make that everything happens for a reason and that the world is just (fair).
What was the aim of Asch's line judgement experiment?
To determine whether people the extent to which people conform due to social pressure and a majority group
What do Likert scales measure?
Levels of agreement, importance or frequency
What are two primary cortices and which lobe do they belong in?
Primary motor cortex = frontal
Primary sensory cortex = parietal
Primary auditory cortex = temporal
Primary visual cortex = occipital
Explain the difference between critical and sensitive period
How does contact hypothesis help reduce prejudice?
The concept that the more people within social groups interact with each other, the less prejudice they will hold toward each other.
Give an example of prosocial behaviour.
Answers may vary but must be:
- voluntary
- benefit others/society
What is a single-blind procedure?
The experimenter is aware of the experimental conditions, but the participants are not
The impairment in the ability to produce articulate speech is known as:
Broca's aphasia
Children being able to imagine a world where humans can live underwater is part of which Piagetian stage?
Formal operational
Explain mutual interdependence.
Groups depend on each other to meet their goals; they have a co-dependent relationship.
How can you reduce deindividuation?
Making someone feel identifiable and less anonymous
What is a correlational research design?
Measures the linear relationship between two variables
What was Freeman's study in?
The role of the pre-frontal cortex using frontal lobotomy
Explain Bowlby's internal working model
◦A cognitive framework for understanding the world, self and others that serves as a prototype to base future relationships.
◦Three main features:
◦a model of others as being trustworthy
◦a model of the self as valuable and loved
◦a model of the self as effective when interacting with others.
Robbers Cave experiment used which element to test a reduction in prejudice?
Superordinate goals
Create a clear connection between conformity, groupthink and unanimity and explain what lacks when this occurs.
Groupthink is when group members conform to make a unanimous decision with a lack of critical thinking.
What is a disadvantage of using a mean as a point of evaluation of data after an experiment?
It is sensitive to outliers