Cells
Cells that have membrane bound organelles are called:
Eukaryotes/Eukaryotic cells
Main site of ATP (energy) production.
Mitochondria
A phospholipid is made up of:
A phosphate head and two fatty acid (lipid) tails
True/False: Binary Fission is a form of sexual reproduction.
False
Name the three checkpoints.
G1, G2 and M (spindle) checkpoint.
Identify the biggest difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Presence of membrane-bound organelles.
The organelles that is the site of protein synthesis (production), found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Ribosome
Name the four components of the plasma membrane
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Cholesterol and Proteins
List the stages of Interphase in order.
G1, S, G2
Identify what happens at the G1 checkpoint
Checks for DNA quality before S phase.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, instead they have a:
Nucleoid region.
Identify the organelles present in a plant cell but not in an animal cell.
- Central/permanent/large vacuole
- Chloroplast
- Cell wall
The passive diffusion of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration along a concentration gradient with the assistance of proteins.
Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres attach at the kinetochore.
Metaphase
Define apoptosis and identify the two pathways.
Programmed cell death.
Intrinsic via the mitochondrial pathway.
Extrinsic via the death receptor pathway.
Identify one way cells can increase their surface area.
One of the following:
Flattened shape
Cell membrane extension/elongation
Creating folds
This organelle is involved in the production of lipids and detoxification of harmful substances.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Explain the term osmosis
Describe what happens in Prophase
Chromosomes condense, becoming visible.
Nuclear membrane disappears.
(optional: spindle forms)
Describe the function of a proto-oncogene and explain what happens when a mutation occurs.
Proto-oncogenes are genes that code for proteins that promote cell cycle division. If a mutation occurs at a proto-oncogene, it is called an oncogene and is characterised by uncontrolled promotion of the cell cycle, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth.
Explain why cells are limited in their size.
As cell size increases, volume increases much faster than surface area. This means that the metabolic needs of the cell also increase requiring greater exchange of resources with the environment. It cannot maintain this exchange efficiently due to surface area increasing slower than volume, therefore, limiting cell size.
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts both have a double membrane.
- Both divide by binary fission
- Both can divide outside of the cell
- Both have their own DNA (circular)
- Have bacterial ribosomes
- Similar size as bacteria
Cells were placed into a solution of unknown solute concentration. Over time the cells was observed under the microscope appearing to have swollen. Identify the type of transport, whether it was passive and the type of solution the cells were placed in.
The passive movement of water molecules from the solution into the cells occurred resulting in swelling. This is characteristic of osmosis occurring in a hypotonic solution.
Why does cell replication in eukaryotes take longer than prokaryotes?
Have more genetic information to replicate as well as membrane bound organelles. It also consists of multiple stages including interphase, mitosis (PMAT) and cytokinesis. Cell replication in eukaryotes is tightly regulated.
Describe the result of a mutation that results in the malfunction of the M checkpoint.
The M checkpoint checks for proper spindle fibre attachment to the chromosome kinetochores to ensure that during anaphase, chromosomes are divided into each forming daughter cell both evenly and correctly. If a mutation occurs, then it could result in one daughter cell receiving more chromosomes and the other receiving less. (Termed as aneuploidy)