Muscles
To reduce the likelihood of injury, a warm-up should include:
- Movements similar to those in the activity to follow
- Light aerobic activity before gradually building up intensity
- Dynamic stretching if required
A musculoskeletal condition that describes the wearing away of cartilage between two bones which then rub together is called?
Osteoarthritis
What muscle type is under voluntary control?
Skeletal Muscles
An indirect acute injury is caused by?
A sudden change in direction or intensity
- Where the force required in greater than the load the muscle or ligament can sustain.
What is the definition of sport?
Physical involvement in organised games or activities within an accepted set of rules
What are the types of joints? (Over arching joint types, eg. not ball and socket or pivot)
- Fixed or Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
A musculoskeletal condition that is a chronic disease that causes inflammation of the joints, and is also classified as an autoimmune disease?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
What muscles are under involuntary control?
- Smooth Muscles
- Cardiac Muscles
A direct acute injury is caused by?
An external force
- Collision with another person
- A direct blow from an implement
What is Exercise?
Exercise is purposefully planned to condition the body
What are the three physiological strategies to prevent musculoskeletal injuries?
- Pre-activity screening
- Warm-up
- Physical Preparation
A musculoskeletal condition where bones lose minerals such as calcium at a faster rate than they can be absorbed and as a result the bones become less dense, losing strength and becoming more susceptible to breaks?
Osteoporosis
What is a concentric contraction?
The muscle shortens during an effort
Overuse injuries are caused by?
- Continual performance of some type of movement.
- Repetition
- insufficient recovery time
- Inappropriate increase of training load
- Inadequate footwear
- Inappropriate training surface
What is Physical Activity?
Physical Activity is any movement that requires energy expenditure.
Describe the correct order of responses occurring within a motor neuron and a muscle fibre as a neural message is transmitted for the muscle to contract
Dendrites receive information, cell body gathers all incoming messages, message travels down the axon to form an action potential, acetylcholine is released from axon terminal across the synapse, calcium is released into the muscle fibre, motor unit contracts
When a muscle fibre contracts, what occurs within the sarcomere?
the Z-lines move towards each other
What is an eccentric contraction?
The muscle lengthens while tension is developed.
Give a real life example for every type of twitch fibre
Slow twitch
- Endurance activities
Fast Twitch, Type A
- Partially aerobic
Fast Twitch, Type B
- Purely Anaerobic
What is the all or nothing principle?
When an electrical impulse reaches a certain threshold, all of the fibres of that motor unit will contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible. However, until this threshold is reached or surpassed, none of the fibres will contract. Once the impulse surpasses the threshold, the ATP stored in the muscle fibre is split, with the resultant energy release allowing muscular contraction to occur.
Explain what the following types of joint movements are?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, supination and pronation.
Flexion
- The angle between articulating bones is decreased and flexion occurs in the median plane.
Extension
- The angle of the joint is increased and extension occurs in the median plane
Abduction
- This is movement of a body part away from the imaginary midline of the body.
Adduction
- This is movement of a body part towards from the imaginary midline of the body.
Rotation
- Rotation occurs when a bone turns on its own axis within a joint
Circumduction
- Occurs when a limb moves in a circular fashion and is generally only possible is ball and socket joints
Supination
- Occurs when the forearm is rotated, turning the hand from palm down to palm up.
Pronation
- Occurs when the forearm is rotated, turning the hand from palm up to palm down.
Name one enabler to physical activity for each of the following: Family, socioeconomic status, level of education.
Family
- Take you to the activity
- Positive example
- Involving whole family in physical activities
Socioeconomic status
- Can afford equipment
- Can afford fees
- Money to travel
Level of Education:
- More informed of health benefits
- More informed of health consequences
What is the definition of the following anatomical terms? Anterior, posterior, Inferior, medial.
Anterior
- Towards the front of the body
Posterior
- Towards the back of the body
Inferior
- closer to the feet than another part
Medial
- Towards the imaginary midline of the body
Describe the difference between an acute and chronic injury?
Chronic sports injuries develop over time, and it takes more time to manage or heal them. Acute injuries happen suddenly and without warning.
In year 4 what did Mr Walker want to be?
Prime Minister