Renaissance
This Italian family were major patrons of the arts and ruled Florence during the Renaissance.
The Medici
This Spanish monarch helped unify Spain through his marriage to Isabella of Castile
Ferdinand of Aragon
This man is known for posting his 95 Theses, challenging the Catholic Church's practices.
Martin Luther
This English king initiated the Reformation in England by separating from the Catholic Church.
King Henry VIII
This 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism for their states.
Peace of Augsburg
This Renaissance figure wrote The Prince, a guide on political power
Niccolò Machiavelli
This French king strengthened royal authority by creating a standing army and reducing the power of the nobility.
Louis XI
This practice of selling indulgences was one of the main issues Martin Luther protested against.
selling of indulgences
The Act of Supremacy (1534) declared this person as the head of the Church of England.
Henry VIII, not Elizabeth
This war, lasting from 1562 to 1598, was between Catholics and Huguenots in France.
French Wars of Religion
This technique, used by Renaissance artists, involves making distant objects appear smaller to create depth.
perspective
This term describes monarchs who centralized power, reduced the influence of nobility, and established modern states.
New Monarchs
This Reformer established a theocracy in Geneva and believed in predestination.
John Calvin
This queen attempted to restore Catholicism in England and earned a bloody nickname.
Mary I
The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre targeted this religious group in France in 1572.
Huguenots
Known for his sculpting, he created David and painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling
Michelangelo
Known as the "Most Catholic King," he launched the Spanish Armada against England in 1588.
Philip II
This reformer from Zurich introduced a branch of Protestantism in Switzerland that emphasized a symbolic interpretation of the Eucharist, differing from Martin Luther’s views.
Ulrich Zwingli
This religious compromise under Elizabeth I aimed to establish a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants.
Elizabethan Religious Settlement
This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and redrew the political map of Europe.
Peace of Westphalia
What does Renaissance mean? How does it live up to it's name?
Rebirth
Brings back classical ideals
This document, signed by Charles V, recognized the legal right of princes to determine the religion of their territories within the Holy Roman Empire.
Peace of Augsburg
This radical Protestant group believed in adult baptism and rejected infant baptism, making them distinct from both Lutherans and Catholics.
Anabaptists
This influential group sought further reforms of the Church of England after Elizabeth I’s rule, wanting to purify it of Catholic elements.
Puritans
This 1618 event, where Protestant nobles threw two Catholic officials out of a castle window in Prague, sparked the Thirty Years' War.
Defenestration of Prague