Water
Monomer Structure
Polymers Structure
Macromolecules
Miscellaneous
100
What interactions are occurring that allow the water to move against gravity in capillary action? Select three options.
A. Water molecules adhere to one another.
B. Water adheres to the inside wall of the tube.
C. Surface tension tends to straighten the surface of the water causing a surface rise.
D. Surface tension causes the water to adhere to the sides of the tube.
E. More water is pulled up through cohesion as the surface rises.
B. Water adheres to the inside wall of the tube.
C. Surface tension tends to straighten the surface of the water causing a surface rise.
E. More water is pulled up through cohesion as the surface rises.
These properties of water allow trees to grow tall, including waters ability to change from liquid to gas.
100
Which of the following statements best describes a purine?
A. Adenine and guanine are purines with a single-ringed nitrogenous base.
B. Thymine and adenine are purines with single-ringed nitrogenous base.
C. Adenine and guanine are purines with two-ringed nitrogenous bases.
D. Cytosine and thymine are purines with two-ringed nitrogenous bases.
C. Adenine and guanine are purines with two-ringed nitrogenous bases.
**For your test be sure to know how many bonds form between the different bases.
100
Which statement describes how the water molecule forms?
A. A hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom from glucose 1 forms water.
B. A hydrogen atom from one glucose and a hydroxyl group from the other glucose form water.
C. A glucose molecule interacts with a maltose molecule and forms water molecules.
D. A hydrogen atom from glucose 1 and an oxygen atom from glucose 2 form water.
B. A hydrogen atom from one glucose and a hydroxyl group from the other glucose form water.
**Remember when we join monomers together the water molecule is release. This means that the molecular formula will have one less oxygen and two less hydrogen than the original molecular formulas.
100
The diagram shows a section of DNA. Which statement best describes the base pairings?
A. There are two errors in the pairings of T and A.
B. There are three errors in the pairings of G and C.
C. There is one error in the pairing of G and T.
D. There are no errors in the base pairings.
C. There is one error in the pairing of G and T.
100
An experiment was conducted in which a purified protein from the body was exposed to a solution high in urea, and its tertiary structure was lost. When it was removed from the solution, the protein regained its original structure.
Which of the following describes what is occurring when the protein is exposed to the solution high in urea?
A. The side chains of the protein react with the urea, breaking bonds, which causes a conformation change.
B. The sequence of amino acids rearranges in a toxic environment, which causes a conformation change.
C. Urea reacts with the side chains of the protein sequence that causes a conformation change.
D. The side chains of the protein react with urea, forming new bonds that cause a conformation change.
A. The side chains of the protein react with the urea, breaking bonds, which causes a conformation change.
200
Which statements correctly identify a water molecule structure?
A. Water molecules are positively charged.
B. Water molecules have polar covalent bonds.
C. Water molecules have nonpolar covalent bonds.
D. Water molecules are made of a hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms.
E. Water molecules have a partial positive charge and partial negative charge.
F. Water molecules consist of an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
B. Water molecules have polar covalent bonds.
E. Water molecules have a partial positive charge and partial negative charge.
F. Water molecules consist of an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
200
What part of an growing peptide chain do new amino acids bond to?
A. alpha carbon
B. amine group
C. carboxyl group
D. side chain
C. carboxyl group
The added group should be the last group in the chain.
200
Which statements correctly compare cellulose and starch? Check all that apply.
A. Both function as structural polysaccharides.
B. Both have glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds.
C. Cellulose forms a helical shape and starch is strictly linear.
D. Cellulose has linkages in the β configuration and starch has α configurations.
E. The orientation of the hydroxyl group attached to C1 is different in cellulose than in starch.
B. Both have glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds.
D. Cellulose has linkages in the β configuration and starch has α configurations.
E. The orientation of the hydroxyl group attached to C1 is different in cellulose than in starch.
200
Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transport protein. It is made of four polypeptide chains, two identical α chains and two identical β chains. Sometimes, a single amino substitution occurs in the hemoglobin β chain.
How does this likely affect hemoglobin?
A. Its overall function remains unchanged.
B. It can no longer function efficiently to transport oxygen.
C. It binds to its target molecules more effectively.
D. It can better recognize the active site of target molecules.
B. It can no longer function efficiently to transport oxygen.
200
When adding more sucrose to a 0.7M sucrose solution, why does it not dissolve as readily as it did at a lower molarity?
A. The ions in the solution interact with the sugar and that interferes with its solubility.
B. The solubility of the solute depends on whether the solute has hydroxyl functional groups or not.
C. The solute molecules adhere to the polar regions of the water molecules so there is no room for more sucrose molecules.
D. Hydrogen bonds in the water molecules change the electrical charge of the sugar molecule, which prevents it from dissolving further in the water.
C. The solute molecules adhere to the polar regions of the water molecules so there is no room for more sucrose molecules.
300
Some mammals help maintain their body temperature by sweating when their bodies rise in temperature.
Which property of water is responsible for the ability of sweat, which is mostly water, to help lower body temperature?
A. Water absorbs heat by breaking hydrogen bonds.
B. Water changes in density when it changes from a gas to a liquid.
C. Water’s ability to dissolve solutes, such as salt
D. Water’s ability to form hydrogen bonds with skin cells
A. Water absorbs heat by breaking hydrogen bonds.
This explains how runners can continue running on warm days and keep a low body temperature.
300
Which group of an amino acid gives the monomer unique characteristics?
A. amine group
B. carboxyl group
C. hydrogen
D. R group
D. R group
300
Which statements correctly describe starch and glycogen?
A. Both function as storage polysaccharides.
B. Glycogen and amylopectin are similar in structure.
C. Starch is highly branched, while glycogen is linear.
D. The polymer chains in both tend to form a straight molecule.
E. Both have glucose monomers linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
A. Both function as storage polysaccharides.
B. Glycogen and amylopectin are similar in structure.
E. Both have glucose monomers linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
** Branched storage carohydrates allow for more storage, since they take up less space, and a higher energy source in plants and animals.
300
Which of the following describe the nucleic acid DNA? Check all that apply.
A. made up of nucleotides
B. contains the nitrogenous base thymine
C. contains the nitrogenous base uracil
D. functions primarily in the synthesis of protein
E. is involved in the synthesis of RNA
F. is copied from one cell to the next
G. has nucleotides added to its 3’ end during synthesis
A. made up of nucleotides
B. contains the nitrogenous base thymine
E. is involved in the synthesis of RNA
F. is copied from one cell to the next
G. has nucleotides added to its 3’ end during synthesis
Note: RNA contains U instead of T. This means that uracil in an RNA molecule equals the number of adenine in a DNA molecule.
300
Cell membranes are a border between the aqueous environment outside the cell and the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm inside the cell. Cell membranes are in part made of phospholipid polymers.
Based on the properties of the monomers that make up the phospholipid polymer, which of the following best predicts how the two phospholipids are positioned in the cell membrane?
A. The hydrophilic heads will face outward toward the cell’s exterior and inward toward the cell’s interior. The fatty acids will be tail-to-tail in the center of the membrane.
B. The glycerol region in the fatty acid will bend toward the interior of the cell. The choline will bend toward the exterior of the cell.
C. The hydrophobic heads will bind with other hydrophobic heads and turn inward to the center of the membrane. The fatty acids will randomly move, giving the membrane fluidity.
D. One choline will turn inward toward other choline in the bilayer. The fatty acids will be attracted to the choline and form the interior of the membrane.
A. The hydrophilic heads will face outward toward the cell’s exterior and inward toward the cell’s interior. The fatty acids will be tail-to-tail in the center of the membrane.
400
What interactions are occurring between the protein and the aqueous solution? Select three options.
A. Hydrophobic areas move away from water.
B. Hydrophilic areas are attracted to water.
C. Hydrophilic regions of the protein are attracted to other hydrophilic regions.
D. Hydrophilic regions of the protein are attracted to hydrophobic regions.
E. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions cause protein folding.
A. Hydrophobic areas move away from water.
B. Hydrophilic areas are attracted to water.
E. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions cause protein folding.
This explains why sugars tend to dissolve in our blood and lipids aggregate.
400
Which disaccharide is formed when glucose and fructose undergo dehydration synthesis?
A. galactose
B. lactose
C. sucrose
D. maltose
C. sucrose
** The opposite of dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis- when a polymer is broken down to a monomer
400
Which statements describe the fat molecule in the image?
A. The fat molecule is unsaturated.
B. The fat molecule is a triglyceride.
C. The fat molecule helps control swelling and inflammation.
D. The fat molecule is solid at room temperature.
E. The fat molecule’s ester linkages were formed through the release of water molecules.
B. The fat molecule is a triglyceride.
D. The fat molecule is solid at room temperature.
E. The fat molecule’s ester linkages were formed through the release of water molecules.
Note: Fatty acids are able to store energy because of the long chains of carbon.
400
Which statements describe the pyrimidines in DNA?
A. Pyrimidines are composed of a single ring.
B. The two pyrimidines found in DNA are adenine and thymine.
C. Uracil is not a pyrimidine because it is not found in DNA.
D. Most pyrimidines bond with the phosphate group of a DNA molecule.
E. Pyrimidines bond with other pyrimidines to form a double helix in DNA
F. Pyrimidines bond to the 1’ carbon atom in the sugar molecule.
A. Pyrimidines are composed of a single ring.
F. Pyrimidines bond to the 1’ carbon atom in the sugar molecule.
400
Which of the following statements best describes why most animal fats are formed from saturated fatty acids?
A. The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids are straight so they can be tightly packed to store more energy in less space.
B. The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fat cannot pack together closely, which keeps the animal from becoming too large.
C. The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids allow fewer hydrogen atoms to bond, which makes the molecule stable for energy storage.
D. The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids have bends so they can be loosely packed to store more energy in less space.
A. The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids are straight so they can be tightly packed to store more energy in less space.
500
Measurements from a particular lake show that it has a pH of 4. How would this lake differ from pure water? Select three options.
A. The hydrogen ion concentration of the lake would be greater (10-4 M).
B. The OH- concentration of the lake would be greater than the lake.
C. The lake has a concentration of hydrogen ions three times that of the pure water.
D. There is acid present in the lake.
E. There is not any acid present in the lake because the pH is less than that of water.
F. The lake has a high concentration of salt and may be near an ocean.
A. The hydrogen ion concentration of the lake would be greater (10-4 M).
C. The lake has a concentration of hydrogen ions three times that of the pure water.
D. There is acid present in the lake.
Adding a buffer to the lake would result in the lake returning to neutral. Buffers can do this because the both accept and release protons.
500
Which description correctly identifies a nucleotide?
A. A nucleotide consists of a five carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate.
B. A nucleotide has three main parts: a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
C. Nucleotides are formed by a dehydration reaction between two or more nucleic acids.
D. A nucleotide consists of billions of DNA monomers that are condensed using histone proteins.
B. A nucleotide has three main parts: a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
500
Where would a region of nonpolar amino acids be in a folded protein?
A. in the secondary structure within the β pleated sheet
B. in the secondary structure within the α helix
C. in the tertiary structure within the core of the protein
D. in the tertiary structure as part of side chains linked by hydrogen bonds
C. in the tertiary structure within the core of the protein
500
When your body creates antibodies made of polypeptides how does the primary protein structure create the specific shape to bind to the virus?
A. The sequence of amino acids determines where hydrogen bonds form between the polypeptide backbone.
B. The sequence of amino acids determines where hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids’ side chains.
C. The antibody’s primary structure consists of disulfide bridges that twist and bend the polypeptide chain and give the antibody its shape.
A. The sequence of amino acids determines where hydrogen bonds form between the polypeptide backbone.
This interaction between bonds and the side chain give the antibody its specific shape.
500
Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein structure on a red blood cell involved in oxygen transport. Hemoglobin A1 has two α-chains and two β-chains. Hemoglobin A2 has two α-chains and two δ chains. In spite of the structural differences, both hemoglobin A1 and A2 perform the same functions.
Which of the following statements explains why both hemoglobin types perform the same functions?
A. The amino acid sequence in the delta chain is not critical to oxygen transportation.
B. Only the alpha chains are important for oxygen transport.
C. The delta chains are nonfunctional and the body compensates with more red blood cells.
D. The amino acid sequences changed the alpha and beta chains because of molecular interaction.
A. The amino acid sequence in the delta chain is not critical to oxygen transportation.