Elements in the same row have the same number of this, and elements in the same column have the same number of this.
What are electron shells, and valence electrons?
100
This microscope was first used by Renaissance scientist.
What is a light microscope?
100
This process drives the cellular economy by extracting the energy stored in sugars and other fuels.
What is cellular respiration?
100
These sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings.
What are autotrophs?
100
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.
What is a Steroid?
200
Gasoline and fat are chemically similar because they both largely consist of this.
What is Hydrocarbon chains?
200
These are proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them.
What are glycoproteins?
200
These are environmental factors most important in the activity of an enzyme.
What are temperature and pH?
200
This color of light is least effective in driving photosynthesis because its light is mostly transmitted and reflected, not absorbed, by photosynthetic pigments.
What is green?
200
A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.
What is a concentration gradient?
300
The polymers of these are built from three different types of monomers: monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides.
What are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids?
300
This has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
What is the steroid cholesterol?
300
This begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
300
This molecule is a valuable energy source because it is highly reduced, storing lots of potential energy in its electrons.
What is glucose?
300
Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.
What are van der Waals interactions?
400
This holds the atoms together in a crystal of magnesium chloride.
What is an ionic bond?
400
These are not embedded in the lipid bilayer, they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
What are peripheral proteins?
400
In 1878, J. Willard Gibbs defined a useful function called this, and symbolized by the letter G.
What is the Gibbs free energy of a system?
400
This carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle is a three carbon sugar.
What is glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P)?
400
A shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
What is the cleavage furrow?
500
All of the structures of these are most important to life vary, they all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility.
What are functional groups?
500
The cells of people with inherited lysosomal storage diseases lack this, normally present in the lysosome.
What is a functioning hydrolytic enzyme?
500
This is well suited as an electron carrier because it can cycle easily between oxidized and reduced states.
What is NAD+?
500
Motor proteins on the kinetochores “walk” the chromosomes along the microtubules is referred to as this process.
What is the Pacman mechanism?
500
This is the most abundant protein in chloroplasts and is also thought to be the most abundant protein on Earth.