History Of Policing
What is The Code of Hammurabi?
The earliest known criminal code was written
in 2200 BC.
◈ The Code of Hammurabi was established by
the Babylonian king Hammurabi.
◈ The code established 282 punishments for
crimes against society.
WHAT IS A CRIME?
•A crime is an illegal action or activity for which a
person can be punished by law.
What are ammendments?
Amendments are changes to the U.S. Constitution. This
affects the way the federal government and the states
govern the people of the United States.
What are the goals of Criminal Justice?
1. control crime
2.Prevent
3. Achieve Justice
How do police officers become aware of a crime?
proactive or reactive policing.
What are the Cohortes Urbanae?
The Cohortes Urbanae protected the city and
acted as an early police force if they were not
in battle.
Several conditions must be present before someone’s behavior is considered criminal. Those conditions are:
Must violate a law
•Actus Reus (the guilty act)
• Causation (the behavior must cause harm)
• Mens Rea (the guilty mind)
• Concurrence (actus reus and mens rea must occur together)
How many amendments have successfully been radified?
27
When someone is arrested, the prosecutor must make a
choice as to what to charge that person with. When someone is
convicted of a crime the judge must make a choice as to their
punishment.
Discretionary Model
what does it mean when the police will take the suspect into physical custody for the purpose of charging them with a criminal offense.
Arrest
What is Frankpledge; and what does it stand for?
All adult males were to work
together to protect the community.
◈ Looked for two crimes, murder and theft.
◈ If they saw something, they would raise a hue
and cry for all other males to respond to catch
the criminal.
Who decides what a crime is?
•Each state decides which behaviors are criminal. Because
of this, each state has their own criminal code. In
Massachusetts, we have the Massachusetts General Laws
Annotated (MGLA). Congress also has their own U.S. Code
for federal crimes. Therefore, there are crimes on both the
state and federal level.
Of the 27 amendments to the US Constitution, which 5 of them
are considered the due process amendments?
They are the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, and 14th amendments.
We can organize different types of
crimes into different tiers of a
wedding cake. Since each tier is a
different size and different types of
crimes occur, this is an easy way
to organize them.
Wedding Cake
It is a process which a suspect goes through to be formally documented
into the criminal justice system. It typically involves the following:
The suspect’s personal information is recorded. A warrant check is also
performed.
Their mug shot is taken
Their clothing and personal items are confiscated
Fingerprints are taken
A full search of the suspect is performed. The purpose of the search is to
locate any weapons or contraband before the suspect is placed in their cell.
Booking
Who was Henry Fielding and what did he do?
He was a magistrate (judge) based
in London.
◈ He noticed a high amount of thefts occurring
in the entertainment district of London.
◈ In 1748 he created the Bow Street Runners.
ACTUS REUS means:
the guilty act
what is the 4th Amendment?
The 4th amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
Similar to how a computer works, the criminal justice system can
be classified in the same way. Computers use a system of inputs
and outputs. Crime is the input. Corrections is
the output (it’s the end of the criminal justice system and how you
get out, after completing your punishment).
Systems Model
what is it called when "the suspect will see a judge for the first time usually within 24 hours after their arrest".
1st appearance
Sir Robert Peel was a Statesman; what did he push for?
criminal justice reform based on
crowded cities and industrialization which led
to an increase in crime.
What does CAUSATION mean?
Was the crime a direct result of the actions of the
person
Explain the 5th amendment
No person shall be subject to more than one punishment or trial
for the same offense; nor shall be compelled to be a witness
against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.
This happens when the members of the “courtroom workgroup (the
judge, prosecutor, and defense attorney)” agree on what a normal
crime is and what the punishment should be for that crime. These
members work together in the form of plea agreements to move
cases quickly through the criminal justice system.
Consensus Model
is the examination of the facts of the case. The facts are
typically presented through witness testimony as well as evidence being
admitted during the proceedings.
Trial