Cardiovascular
P Wave- Atrial Depolarization
QRS Complex- Ventricle Depolarization and Hides Atrial Repolarization
T Wave- Ventricle Repolarization
Surface Area
-Diffusion
-Increase Surface Area Increase Diffusion
-Increase Volume Decrease Pressure
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature 3 Factors
Air, Evaporative, and Radiant
Cardio Response Heart Rate
Directly Proportional to Exercise Intensity
Decrease Vagal Tone
Decrease in HR with Training
Who is the Father of Exercise Physiology
August Krogh
Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, and Ejection Fraction
EF- % of EDV Pumped
Q= HR x SV
Total Volume of blood pumped per minute
Resting 4.2-5.6 L/min
Describe Inspiration and Expiration
Inspiration
-active
-diaphragm flattens abdomen
-external intercostals move rib cage and sternum up
Expiration
-passive
-inspiratory muscles relax
-forced breathing
-internal intercostals pull ribs down
-abdominal muscles force diaphragm back up
Cool Body
Evaporation
-sweat sooner
Convection
-movement of air across skin
Cardio Response Cardiac Drift
Associated with Increase Core Temp and Dehydration
SV Drift Decrease- Skin Blood Blow Increase, Plasma Volume Decrease, and Venous Return/Preload Decrease
HR Drift Increase to Compensate (Q Maintained)
Some Disadvantages of Women in Exercise
Lower Sweat Rates
Weaker Muscle Strength
Smaller Hearts
Decrease Hemoglobin
Lowe VO2 Max
Less Hypertrophy
Extrinsic Control (PNS and SNS)
PNS-Acts through the vagus nerve, decreases HR and force of cardiac contraction. Absence of vagal tone= 100 bpm Max vagal tone 20-30 bpm. Carries impulse to SA and AV nodes
SNS- Increases rate of impulse generation and conduction speed, increasing heart rate and force of cardiac. Max HR 250 bpm
Hormones(Epi + Norepi)- increase HR
Effect of Endurance Training- Decrease HR
Lung Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume- Normal breath in and what you can breathe in after
Tidal Volume- Normal breath in and out (rest) 500mL
Inspiratory Capacity- tidal volume + IRV
Residual Volume- amount of air in lungs after forceful exhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume- The breath out after taking a normal breath out
Functional Residual Capacity- ERV + Residual Volume
Total Lung Capacity-Total capacity the lung can hold 6,000mL
Vital Capacity- Total Capacity- Residual Volume
Heat Cramps
Painful Muscle Cramps, Thirst
Heat Exhaustion
Fatigue, Nausea, Chills, Headache
Heat Stroke
No Sweating, Confusion, Nausea, Thirst
Cardio Response Blood Pressure
During Endurance Exercise, Increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Systolic BP Increase, Diastolic BP Slightly Decrease
Resistance Exercise= Increase in MAP
HAPE and HACE Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment
HAPE
cause- hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction,
clot formation in pulmonary circulation
symptoms- shortness of breath, cough, tightness, fatigue
treatment- supplemental oxygen
immediate descent to lower altitude
HACE
cause- hape above 4,300m
symptoms- confusion, lethargy, ataxia, unconsciousness, death
treatment- supplemental oxygen hyperbaric bag,
immediate descent to lower altitude
Intrinsic Control
Electrical Signal Spreads Via Gap Junctions
SA Node Initiates Contraction Signal -pacemaker cellls - Leaky to Na+ - stimulates RA, LA contraction
AV Node, delays,relays signals to ventricles - delay allows RA and LA to contract before RV and LV - relays signal to AV bundle after delay
AV Bundle relays signal to RV and LV
Purkinje fiber send signal into RV and LV
Route of Gas Exchange w Numbers
In lung PO2- 105 PCO2-40
Pulmonary Veins PO2-100 PCO2-40
LA LV PO2-100 PCO2-40
Muscle Fibers PO2-40 PCO2-46
Leave O2 in muscles take CO2 out
Shunt Blood to Skin
Sweat Glands Sodium Reabsorption
Heavy Sweating=Less Dilute= Decrease ability to retain water
Breathing Irregularities
Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)
Hyperventilation (Excessive Ventilation) -Increase PCO2 gradient between blood, Decrease blood PCO2 Increase pH
Valsalva Manevuer -accompanies exercises Increase intra abdominal pressure
Veins collapsed by high pressure -> decrease venous return-> decrease Q-> decrease arterial BP
Neurological Development in Childhood
Better Balance, Agility,+ Coordination
Brain Myelination Effect on Strength
Cardiac Muscle Fibers
Cardiac muscle fibers
Type 1
Highly oxidative and capillary density
Connected by intercalated discs
Desmosomes hold cells together
Gap junctions- electrical impulses
Function Syncytium- one unit to contract
Gas Exchange with Altitude
PO2 In Air 96mmHg
PO2 in Lungs 46mmHg
PO2 Ventricles 42mmHg
Leaving Muscle 27mmHg
Effect of Dehydration
Decrease Sweat Rate
Increase HR
Decrease Blood Volume
Decrease Blood Flow
Resp Response Acid Base Balance
Metabolic processes produce H+-> decrease pH
At rest slightly alkaline
During exercise slightly acidic
Physiological mechanisms control pH -increase ventilation help H+ bind to bicarbonate
Penn State