DNA Basics
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
DNA replication is...
a. conservative
b. semiconservative
c. dispersive
b. semiconservative
What makes up RNA?
HINT: its not nucleotides
codons
What is the start codon?
AUG (Met)
What are the two causes of mutations?
Environmental factors and mistakes in DNA replication
True or False: Purines are Thymine and Cytosine
False
What is the function of DNA helicase?
unwinds and separates DNA
What is transcription?
Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
What type of bonds are polypeptide chains connected with?
Peptide bonds (covalent bonds)
What are somatic cells?
skin cells, hair cells, muscle cells, blood cells
*any nonsex cell
What is the term for when nitrogenous bases match up?
complementary base pairing
What enzyme is responsible for proofreading the new DNA strand?
DNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
What is the finished product of translation?
HINT: not proteins
amino acid chain
What is the turning on and off of genes?
Gene regulation
Name the type of bond between bases and how many are between each set.
hydrogen bonds-there are 3 bonds between G and C and 2 bonds between A and T
True or False: DNA Polymerase synthesizes DNA in the 3' to 5' direction
False
What is the following process called?
1. cap and tail added
2. introns removed
3. exons spliced together
mRNA processing
IF a drug is made that blocks the small ribosomal subunit from binding to the large ribosomal subunit, what part of translation is messed up, if any?
Initiation
Name the 3 types of substitution mutations:
silent, missense, nonsense
Name 5 characteristics of DNA.
- antiparallel
- double stranded
-made up of nucelotides
-sugar phosphate backbone is connected with covalent bonds
-bases are linked with hydrogen bonds
-4 nitrogenous bases
*Many more characteristics!
1. DNA helicase unwinds DNA
2. Replication fork is formed
3. DNA polymerase attaches to the primer
4. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction
5. Okazaki fragments are bound together by ligase
What are the differences between rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
rRNA: ribosomal RNA- reads order of RNA and binds them together (ribosomal subunits in translation)
tRNA: transfer RNA- helps decode mRNA into an amino acid
mRNA: messanger RNA- contains instructions to make a specific protein
Describe the importance of translation and how it relates to the human body in detail.
The product of translation is an amino acid chain which turns into a protein in the body. Translation is important because the body functions because of its proteins. If translation does not happen we cannot make any proteins.
Describe regulation at the tranlation level.
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small single stranded RNA molecule that binds to mRNA and can degrade the mRNA strand or block its translation.
OR
RNA interference (RNAi) uses miRNA to to artifically control gene regulation