Cardiovascular System
What is cardiac output?
Heart rate × stroke volume
What is the name of the major muscle responsible for breathing?
Diaphragm
Which muscle type is responsible for voluntary movements like sprinting?
Skeletal Muscle
This prohibited substance slows heart rate and reduces anxiety and tremors, giving athletes an unfair advantage in sports that require high levels of precision and accuracy.
Beta Blockers
Which bone is located in the lower leg and bears the most weight during landing.
Tibia
During aerobic exercise, this component of blood pressure increases significantly due to a rise in cardiac output, while the other remains relatively stable.
Systolic Blood Pressure
Where does oxygen exchange with the bloodstream occur?
Alveoli
This muscle fibre type is best suited to marathon running due to its high fatigue resistance, large number of mitochondria, and reliance on aerobic metabolism.
Type 1
This prohibited performance-enhancing substance increases muscle size and strength by mimicking the effects of testosterone, but can also cause cardiovascular, hormonal and liver-related health risks.
Anabolic Steroids
What type of bone is the patella classified as?
Sesamoid
Although the heart pumps blood to the entire body, it receives its own oxygen-rich blood supply through these vessels.
Coronary Artery
Once tidal volume reaches its plateau during high-intensity exercise, further increases in ventilation are primarily achieved through increases in this variable.
Respiratory Rate
This principle states that motor units are recruited from smallest to largest, with slow-twitch fibres activated before fast-twitch fibres as force requirements increase.
Training at high altitude for extended periods of time will stimulate the production of which hormone?
EPO
Which region of the spine is second most superior?
Thoracic
This structure receives the electrical impulse after the AV node and carries it down the interventricular septum before the ventricles contract.
Bundle of His
Air passes through this structure immediately before entering the bronchi.
Trachea
During the upward phase of a bicep curl, the biceps brachii contracts while the triceps brachii relaxes. This process is known as:
Reciprocal Inhibition
This prohibited performance enhancement method involves altering an athlete's genetic material to increase characteristics such as muscle growth, endurance, or recovery.
Gene Doping
What is an example of a condyloid joint?
Wrist
During exercise, blood is redirected away from the digestive system and towards working muscles through this process.
Vascular Shunt Mechanism
An increase in hydrogen ion concentration during exercise stimulates these receptors, leading to an increase in ventilation.
Chemoreceptors
During muscle contraction, the A-band remains constant because this protein filament does not change length.
Myosin
This prohibited performance enhancement method involves the use of technology or equipment that provides an unfair advantage beyond what is normally permitted by the rules of a sport.
Technological doping
What is the disease that effects the density of bones?
Osteoporosis