Early Civilizations and Societies
European Exploration and Conquest
Colonization and Settlement Challenges
Cultural and Economic Exchange
Resistance and Revolution
100

They were responsible for agriculture, domestic work, and crafting, while others focused on hunting and warfare.

women in Native American societies

100

He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa, opening sea routes to Asia.

Bartolomeu Dias

100

What crop became the economic foundation of Jamestown and changed its relationship with Native Americans?

Tobacco

100

Name one positive and one negative impact of the Columbian Exchange.

Positive—introduction of new crops to Europe; Negative—spread of diseases to Native populations.

100

What was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

A successful Native American uprising against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico

200

How did trade operate among pre-Columbian Native American tribes?

Tribes exchanged goods such as tools, pottery, and food, often fostering peaceful interactions and cultural exchange.

200

He led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, though he did not complete the journey himself.

Ferdinand Magellan

200

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

It established a framework for self-governance based on majority rule among settlers in Plymouth Colony.

200

New crops like potatoes and maize boosted population growth and economic stability in Europe.

Columbian Exchange

200

How did Cabeza de Vaca’s journey inspire further exploration of the Americas?

His accounts of vast wealth and opportunities motivated other explorers to search for the Seven Cities of Cibola.

300

What technological advancement made large, settled communities like Cahokia possible?

The development of agriculture, especially maize cultivation.

300

It divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, shaping the territorial boundaries of their empires.

Treaty of Tordesillas

300

How did religious tolerance shape Roger Williams’s founding of Providence?

Williams emphasized freedom of religion and separation of church and state, setting his colony apart from Puritan orthodoxy.

300

How did the geography of trade shift after Columbus’s voyages?

Trade routes moved from overland paths like the Silk Road to transatlantic sea routes.

300

What were the major grievances leading to the Pueblo Revolt?

Oppression by Spanish settlers, forced labor, and the suppression of Native religious practices.

400

Describe the Anasazi’s contributions to pre-Columbian society.

They built advanced adobe structures, cultivated crops, and created extensive trade networks.

400

To organize Native American labor for agricultural and mining projects while supposedly protecting them under Spanish rule.

encomienda system

400

What were some reasons for the failure of the “Lost Colony” of Roanoke?

Lack of supplies, hostile relations with Native Americans, and possibly severe weather conditions.

400

What were the long-term impacts of the Treaty of Tordesillas on global geopolitics?

It set the stage for Spanish dominance in the Americas and Portuguese expansion in Africa and Asia.

400

Explain the role of privateers in England’s early colonial efforts.

They were state-sponsored pirates who disrupted Spanish shipping and explored North American coasts, aiding England’s expansion efforts.

500

What similarities existed among Native American tribes despite their diversity?

Spiritual connections to nature, communal living, and kinship-based societies.

500

Explain the role of the Aztec religion in Hernán Cortés's conquest of Tenochtitlán.

The Aztecs’ belief in the return of Quetzalcoatl led them to initially welcome Cortés, which facilitated his eventual conquest.

500

How did the English Civil War impact colonization efforts in North America?

It diverted resources and attention from colonization but also prompted political and religious refugees to seek opportunities in the New World.

500

How did the Protestant Reformation influence colonization in the Americas?

It prompted the migration of Protestant groups seeking religious freedom and led to conflicts between Catholic and Protestant powers in the New World.

500

How did the Reconquista influence Spain’s colonization of the Americas?

It instilled a militant Christian ideology and methods of subjugation that were applied to Native Americans in the New World.