Ch.1
Function depends on ______.
Structure.
How much ATP is produced during anaerobic respiration?
2 ATP.
Side A has 5 M of glucose dissolved. Side B has 5 M of NaCl dissolved. Which side has a higher osmotic pressure?
Side B.
The summing of simultaneous EPSPs from several presynaptic neurons is this type of summation.
Channel that allows H+ to move back in during the electron transport chain.
ATP synthase.
Name the 3 types of muscle.
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
A molecule binds to a receptor to be brought into a cell by an endosome. What type of endocytosis is this?
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Bonus points (100 extra points): What protein forms the invagination to allow it to be brought in?
Competes with a chemical messenger for the same receptor, and doesn't trigger a response.
Antagonist
A cell membrane is at rest. Gated K+ channels open. What happens to the membrane potential?
It hyperpolarizes.
A cell is placed in an isotonic solution. Does water move into/out of the cell?
Water moves in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
The type of tissue specialized for exchanging materials with the environment.
Epithelial tissue.
Activates enzymes that trigger apoptosis.
Does an ATPase pump transport Na+ into or out of a cell?
Out
Bonus (100 points): How many K+ ions does it transfer for every 3 Na+ ions?
This ion is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters when an action potential reaches the synaptic cleft.
Calcium.
Simultaneous generation of IPSPs and EPSPs would have this effect on membrane potential.
No change.
Type of feedback system that favors change (+ give an example).
Positive feedback system.
Ex: Contractions during birth.
Transporters that walk along microtubules towards the outside of the cell.
Kinesin.
Daily double: Ion X has a negative charge. If ion X enters a typical cell when the cell is at rest, it is doing so (passively/actively) (along/against) its concentration gradient.
Actively; against
Action potentials "jump" between these during saltatory conduction.
Nodes of Ranvier.
When is Na+ permeability across a membrane at peak?
At the top of an action potential.
TSH produced in the pituitary gland stimulating the thyroid is an example of...
An extrinsic control.
Walk me through the process of the electron transport chain.
Side A has 50 mL of water and 5 M of NaCl. Side B has 25 mL of water and 1 M of NaCl. The membrane between sides is permeable to water, but not NaCl. Towards which side would water move?
Towards side A
At what point during the action potential sequence are Na+ voltage-gated channels closed and incapable of opening? What is this time period called?
From peak until roughly -70mV. Absolute refractory period.
Daily double: Describe the entire process that occurs when an action potential is initiated.
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