Skeletal System & Movement
What type of joint is found in the knee?
Hinge joint
What are the two main muscle fibre types?
Fast twitch and slow twitch fibres
What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Artery
Name one chronic musculoskeletal condition.
Arthritis or osteoporosis
What is an ergogenic aid?
A substance, method or device used to improve athletic performance.
Name the movement that decreases the angle at a joint.
Flexion
Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle shortens?
Concentric contraction
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Q=HR×SV
What is the purpose of a warm-up before exercise?
The main purpose of a warm-up is to prepare the athlete or individual both physiologically and psychologically for physical activity
What banned substance increases red blood cell production?
EPO (erythropoietin)
Which bone is commonly known as the collarbone?
Clavicle
What is the role of the antagonist muscle in movement?
It opposes the action of the agonist
What process occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane?
Gaseous exchange
How can you support an injured ankle?
You can tape or brace it
What are the three criteria used to determine whether a substance or method can be placed on the Prohibited List, and how many of these criteria must be met?
• It has the potential to enhance, or it does enhance performance in sport.
• It has the potential or represents an actual risk to the athlete’s health.
• It violates the spirit of sport
2 of the 3 must be met
In a bicep curl, identify the agonist muscle and the joint action occurring at the elbow.
Biceps brachii is the agonist; flexion occurs at the elbow
During a plank hold, what type of muscular contraction is occurring?
Isometric contraction
What happens to blood vessels during vasodilation?
They widen to increase blood flow and heat loss
What condition can occur when an athlete trains excessively without enough recovery?
Overtraining syndrome
How long must someone undertake altitude training in order to experience performance benefits?
To obtain the adaptations required to see a measurable increase in performance, it is recommended that athletes spend at least two weeks, preferably a month, training at altitude.
During a soccer kick, identify the joint action occurring at the knee, the agonist muscle responsible for the movement, and the class of lever being used.
Knee extension occurs, the quadriceps are the agonist muscles, and a third-class lever is being used.
What principle states that once a motor unit is activated, all muscle fibres within that motor unit contract fully or not at all?
The all-or-nothing principle
Describe the pathway of blood flow through the heart, including the major chambers, valves and blood vessels involved.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava, moves through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, and travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve to the left ventricle, and is pumped through the aorta to the body
Explain the difference between a direct injury and an indirect injury, providing one sporting example of each
A direct injury is caused by an external force, such as a corked thigh from a tackle in football. An indirect injury occurs without contact, often due to overuse or poor technique, such as a hamstring strain while sprinting.
Describe one sociocultural issue related to the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport.
Examples may include pressure on athletes to win, negative role modelling for young athletes, unfair advantages in competition, risks to athlete health, or damage to the integrity and reputation of sport.