General Renaissance
Define Humanism
the belief that anyone is capable of anything and everything
What was the role of the Mother in the household?
to bear children and supervise them & complete household duties
Define classical antiquity
influenced by Ancient Greek and Roman culture
Who wrote the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther
What are missionaries?
people who travel to spread their religious message
Where exactly did the Renaissance originate from?
Florence, Italy
What similarity did Burghers and low-wage workers have?
Name at least one quality of Renaissance art
classical antiquity; symmetry & proper proportions; humanism; human anatomy; realism; life & energy; perspective; vibrant colors
Name at least 3 Protestant religions
Lutheranism, Calvinism, Angelican
Name multiple religious orders created to restore Roman Catholicism
Jesuits; Carmelites; Ursuline Order
What was the primary concept behind Humanist Education?
that education should be used to help humans reach their full potential
What social class dominated society?
the Nobility
What did Italian Renaissance art consist of lots of classical antiquity?
Italy was surrounded by Ancient Greek and Roman structures. As a result, the easy access to the Greek and Roman culture inspired Italian artists heavily.
What are indulgences?
pardons originally created to fund the reconstruction of the St. Peter's Basilica & were promoted to earn people essentially direct access to salvation
What did the Jesuits do to restore Catholicism?
established colleges and churches; promoted Catholicism through education; strictly obedient to the Pope
Name one concept depicted in "The Prince" by Machiavelli
a ruler should incite fear in his subjects but not to the point of hatred; a ruler should be ready to break promises when necessary but remain trustworthy; a ruler should be willing to do whatever it takes for the good of his states; the ends justify the means
What was the purpose of marriage?
to reinforce family ties and business connections
How did the purpose of Renaissance art change over time?
The concepts behind Renaissance art changed from religious ideas to more humanist and secular focuses.
What are some of Martin Luther's beliefs? (name multiple)
only faith can earn salvation; bible was the only source of religious truth; all Christians can equally access God; Bible & religious services should be in vernacular; Renaissance Pope's didn't distribute their wealth fairly (it all went to Rome & not the less fortunate); church didn't provide intellectual or personal satisfaction
What did the Peace of Augsburg do?
divided Christian unity in Germany; allowed princes of German states to decided between Catholicism and Lutheranism
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
possessed great wealth; funded Renaissance art; gained money from trade with West Asia; Italy's Medici's held great financial and political power
Name at least one quality that makes up an ideal Noble
well-developed character; classical education; grace; talent; physical strength; interest in art; considered to be born, not made
Italian vs Northern Renaissance Art
Italian: heavily inspired by classical antiquities, painted on larger scale (notably frescoes), focused on perspective; Northern: more inspired by nature instead of classical antiquities, focused on fine details, experimented with lighting, painted on sacred texts & altarpieces (notably wood panels)
What is the Edict of Worms and what happened?
a legislative assembly in Holy Roman Empire led by Emperor Charles V; Luther refused to change his ideas on the Catholic Church: assemnly declared Martin Luther as an outlaw & heretic; Luther’s works burned but Elector Frederick III of Saxony protected Luther until 1522
Why did leaders break from the church?
leaders such as in Martin Luther, John Calvin, King Henry VIII, etc. broke from the church because they disagreed on the Catholic church's beliefs involving Christianity; Catholic church became corrupt over balancing political and religious duties