Sociological Terms
informal, perceived rules of social behavior, govern action of and between individuals with a group or culture
Social Norms
the two classes in conflict under capitalism
haves (capitalist class) and have nots (working class)
questioned how societies seek moral coherence when _____ is less universal - in the transition to organic solidarity
religion
the application of economic logic to all spheres of human activity
rationality
the entire group of people represented by the study
population
shared beliefs, values, norms, customs/practices, and traditions that are shared by a group of people
Culture
what Marx called the material reality of capitalism
the base
the goal is to avoid this
disfunction/anomie
Weber also noticed that modern, industrialized societies are increasingly characterized by efficient, goal-oriented, rule-governed, hierarchical _____ in secular life
bureaucracies
measures are reliable and connect to their aligned concepts; measures applied evaluate precisely what the researcher seeks to measure
construct validity
the ‘part’ people play in social situations, informed by norms and culture, behaviors are prescribed
social roles
all the that does not fall into the economic base (religion, culture, education, family)
shared set of beliefs, attitudes, and moral understandings that are a unifying source in society, shared understanding of social norms
Collective Consciousness
lack of spiritual ties in life and instead fill their entire world with logic and rationality
disenchantment
the process through which social scientists decide what most accurately connects abstract concepts (e.g. values, ideas, or attitudes) to meaningful, distinguishable, observable, and measurable phenomena
Operationalization
an account of how our social locations alter perspective and experience, relationship of agency and structure
positionality
ideas of the capitalist class that influence the working class through the superstructure; shared beliefs, perpetuated by the capitalist class, to maintain the base
ideology
unintended goals or purposes of social institutions, social roles, and norms
latent functions
three core premises of symbolic interactionism
1) we act toward things on the basis of their meanings
2) meanings are not inherent; they are negotiated through interactions
3) meanings can change or be modified through interaction
determines how widely claims can be made that connect one piece of research to a broader public or group - statistical evidence of applicability
generalizability
the ability to consider the interconnections between the history of society and an individual’s biography in order to more fully understand one’s choices, problems, and circumstances (private troubles & public issues)
sociological imagination
four ways of being separated from craft, self, workers, and object of labor
alienation
the type of social bonds based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights (reliance on one another for economic needs)
organic solidarity
people come to understand themselves in terms of how they believe other people view them; this allows people to use social interactions as a mirror for their self-perception
the looking glass self
will use a large group of samples to estimate representations of the population
Inferential statistics