chapter 1
A system that interacts with its environment by exchanging materials, energy, or information.
an open system
The three main types of classical management theories.
Scientific management, administrative principles, bureaucratic management
A psychologist who proposed a hierarchy of needs, ranking human motivations.
Abraham Maslow
A management approach that applies mathematical models and data to decision-making.
Quantitative management
Raw facts and figures before they are processed into meaningful insights.
data
The three levels of managers
top manager, middle manager, and team leader/supervisor.
The management approach that focuses on standardizing tasks and improving efficiency.
Scientific management
The management experiment that revealed employees work harder when they feel valued and observed.
The Hawthorne Effect
The management approach that combines classical and behavioral theories to adapt to changing business needs.
Modern management
The term for protecting digital information from cyber threats and unauthorized access.
Data security
An invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing to top positions in organizations.
the glass ceiling effect
The theorist who introduced 14 principles of management.
Henri Fayol
The five types of behavioral management theories.
Human relations, Maslow’s hierarchy, McGregor’s Theory X and Y, Argyris’s adult personality, Hawthorne studies
The reason why the Hawthorne studies were significant in shifting management focus.
They emphasized the importance of social and psychological factors in employee productivity
The three types of decision environments, ranked from most to least predictable
Certain, risk, uncertain
The four functions of management that contribute to an organization's success.
Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
The type of management that relies on clear hierarchy, rules, and standardized procedures.
Bureaucratic management
McGregor’s management theory that assumes employees are lazy and need strict supervision.
Theory X
A management strategy that uses data-driven analysis to optimize supply chains, pricing, and resource allocation.
Operations research
The difference between programmed decisions and unstructured decisions.
Programmed decisions deal with routine problems, while unstructured decisions address new, complex issues
The upside-down pyramid places these two groups at the top instead of executives
Customers and frontline employees
The term for breaking down tasks into the smallest possible movements to increase productivity.
Motion study
The behavioral theorist who argued that work environments should encourage personal growth and independence.
Chris Argyris
The name for workplaces becoming less hierarchical, encouraging more collaboration.
Flatter organizations
A decision-making approach that considers multiple perspectives and factors simultaneously.
Multi-dimensional thinking