Early Humans & Migration
What land bridge did early humans cross to reach North America?
Bering Land Bridge (Beringia)
What is one example of an Indigenous group in North America before European contact?
hodenoshanee / Anishinaabe / Taino (any one accepted)
What were the 3 G’s that motivated European exploration?
God, Glory, and Gold
What was Spain’s main goal in the Americas?
To gain wealth and spread Christianity.
What were the three regions of the 13 Colonies?
New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies
What word describes people who move from place to place in search of food?
Nomads
How did the environment affect Indigenous homes and food?
They used local resources—like buffalo, trees, or fish—to build and eat.
Who was the Italian sailor who sailed for Spain in 1492?
Christopher Columbus
What was France mainly interested in trading?
Fur, especially beaver pelts.
What type of crops were grown mainly in the Southern Colonies?
Cash crops like tobacco and rice
How did the development of agriculture change early human life?
It allowed people to settle in one place and form civilizations.
What was one purpose of the Iroquois Confederacy?
To unite tribes for peace and protection.
What was one major effect of the Columbian Exchange?
New foods, animals, and diseases spread between continents.
How was France’s relationship with Indigenous peoples different from Spain’s?
France traded and formed alliances; Spain conquered and enslaved.
How did geography affect life in the New England Colonies?
Rocky soil and cold weather led to fishing, trade, and shipbuilding.
What tools helped early humans hunt large animals?
Spears, bows, and stone tools
What do archaeologists study to learn about early Indigenous people?
Artifacts
How did colonization affect Indigenous peoples?
They lost land, lives, and freedom.
What economic policy said colonies existed to make money for their mother country?
Mercantilism
What was the Mayflower Compact?
An agreement for self-government written by the Pilgrims.
Explain one way geography affected where early humans lived.
They settled near water and animals for survival.
How did Indigenous trade networks show cooperation among tribes?
They exchanged goods and ideas across long distances.
Define “conquistador.”
A Spanish conqueror who claimed land and riches in the Americas.
What was one reason England wanted to start colonies in North America?
To gain wealth, power, and religious freedom.
How were the colonies more democratic than England?
They had elected assemblies and town meetings.