Jamestown
In what year was Jamestown founded as the first permanent English colony?
1607
Which colony was founded by Pilgrims who wrote the Mayflower Compact?
The Plymouth Colony
Which colony began as New Netherland under Dutch control before becoming an English colony?
New York
Which colony was founded as a refuge for debtors and to act as a buffer against Spanish Florida?
Georgia
What was the First Great Awakening?
A series of religious revivals in the mid-1700s that emphasized personal faith and emotional preaching across the colonies.
Which English joint-stock company financed the Jamestown colony?
The Virginia Company (of London)
Who was the Native American that helped the Plymouth settlers learn local farming and acted as an interpreter?
Squanto
What economic reason motivated the Dutch to found New Netherland?
The fur trade and control of trade routes (especially across to the Hudson River)
Who led the founding of the Georgia colony?
James Oglethorpe
In one sentence, what is mercantilism?
Mercantilism is the economic theory that colonies should supply raw materials to the mother country and serve as markets for its goods to increase national wealth.
What was the main cause of many deaths in Jamestown during the early years, known as the "Starving Time"?
300 A: Starvation (famine), made worse by disease and lack of clean water
Who was Anne Hutchinson and why was she crucial in the Massachusetts Bay Colony history?
Anne Hutchinson challenged Puritan leaders by holding religious meetings and promoting her own interpretations; she was tried and banished for dissent.
William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)
Name one major cash crop that shaped the Southern colonial economy.
Tobacco
Rice or indigo
What were the Navigation Acts designed to do?
Require that colonial trade be carried on English ships and that certain goods be funneled to England, so England controlled colonial commerce.
Which Native American confederacy played a central role in Jamestown's early interactions?
The Powhatan (Powhatan Confederacy)
What is a theocracy, and how did it affect the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
A theocracy is a government ruled by religious leaders or based on religious law; in Massachusetts Bay, Puritan religious beliefs strongly shaped laws and civic life.
Give one example of how Pennsylvania showed religious tolerance and attracted diverse settlers
Pennsylvania’s charter guaranteed religious freedom and Philadelphia became a diverse city welcoming Quakers, Germans, Scots-Irish, and others.
Give one economic reason and one geographic reason why settlers established colonies in the South.
Economic- fertile soil for profitable cash crops
Geographic- warm climate and navigable rivers that made shipping crops easier
How did the First Great Awakening help unify the colonies?
It spread similar religious ideas and created shared networks and experiences across colonies, encouraging cross-colony connections and questioning of traditional authorities.
What cash crop become the economic foundation of Jamestown and which colonist is credited with its successful cultivation?
Tobacco; John Rolfe
Name two events or institutions from Massachusetts Bay that show tensions over religion and government?
The Salem Witch Trials and Town Meetings
OR theocratic governance and punishments for dissenters like Anne HutchinsonHow did geography and location help the Middle Colonies’ economy? Give two specific reasons.
Good ports (e.g., New York, Philadelphia) for trade and access to fertile land for mixed farming; also central location for inland trade routes.
What role did slavery play in the Southern colonies, and name one form of resistance used by enslaved people.
Slavery provided forced labor for plantation agriculture and was central to the Southern economy; resistance included running away, work slowdowns, sabotage, and preserving cultural practices.
What was the Middle Passage and why is it significant to colonial labor systems?
The Middle Passage was the forced transatlantic journey that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas; it was central to creating the large-scale enslaved labor force used on plantations.