Nomadic Life
Along with domesticating plants, what else did the early civilizations domesticate? Why?
Animals
Meat
Milk
Skins and fur
Help with farming and travel
Protection
What were the two main rivers of Chinese civilization?
Yellow River (Huang He) and Yangtze river
Who is Socrates?
Greek philosophy who used the Socratic method (use of questions) to teach; stressed sticking true to your values; eventually executed for beliefs
List several engineering achievements of the Romans
Roads, aqueducts, arches, concrete
What was the city-state of Carthage best known for?
Trading and dominating the Mediterranean Sea
What was the first ever law code? How did it show social stratification?
Code of Hammurabi
Show slavery
Shows patriarchy
Lower classes had harsher punishments than upper classes
What does Confucianism place emphasis on?
rituals/social relationships
Describe the values of Athens.
Democracy
Education
Philosophy
Religion
Citizenship
Stronger navy
Why was Christianity so popular during this time?
Appealed to the lower classes and the marginalized in society; gave hope during the fall and chaos of Rome; with people identifying more with Christianity they were not as loyal to the Roman government
How did Shi Huangdi treat Confucian scholars?
Burned their books and executed the scholars
What did the surplus of food from farming allow to happen?
Rise in population
Start of permanent settlements
Job specialization = social hierarchy
Record keeping
What do Daoists strive to do?
accepting the world as you find it, avoiding useless struggles, and adhering to the "path" of nature
Describe the values of Sparta.
military/war
Isolationists
Skilled army
No trade or currency
Suppressed their slave (helot) population
What is the Pax Romana
“Roman Peace;” the time of peace and prosperity in Rome ushered in by the reign of Augustus; golden age
Who fought in and who won the Persian Wars?
Greece versus Persia and Greece won (with Athens coming out as most dominant)
What were the four early river valley civilizations?
Tigris and Euphrates River Valley (Mesopotamia)
Nile River Valley (Egypt)
Huang He or Yellow River Valley (China)
Indus River Valley (Pakistan/India)
Who were the Celts?
Celtic society was “barbaric.”; large burly men with deep voices, that fought naked, had big mustaches, used heads as trophies, and had no real organization outside of their kinship group
They lacked a strong centralized government due to being nomadic
Who fought in the Peloponnesian War?
Athens and its allies versus Sparta and its allies
What are explanations for why Rome expanded?
Fondness of war
Creating a buffer zone against neighbors
Structure of consuls only serving one term
#1 agreed on reason by historians is to create a buffer zone against neighbors
Who was Ashoka and what religion did he convert to?
Buddhism; he was an emperor
What geographic feature did all early civilizations settle near? Why?
River valleys for:
Fertile soil
Water source
Transportation
Need for more water for rising population
Fish and attracting other animals
What is the Mandate of Heaven?
Concept that the gods chose the ruler; when the ruler loses favor the gods then bad things happen to prove the gods are upset; justifies the overthrow of a ruler
What was the effect of the Peloponnesian War?
Although Sparta wins, this 27 year long war sapped Greece of its resources and opened them up to invasion by Philip of Macedon
Who was the first emperor of Rome?
augustus / octavian
What were two major achievements of the Phoenicians? (both needed)
Alphabet and skilled traders