Characteristics of Life
This term refers to how living things change over time
evolution
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
tissue
This type of biomolecule is very versatile. They are the essential workers in living things.
proteins
Identify the base pair rule in DNA.
Adenine -- Thymine
Cytosine -- Guanine
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a _______.
gene
This organelle makes proteins in all types of cells
ribosomes
Which type of gene mutation has occurred in the following DNA sequence:
Original DNA: GGC TAC AGC CGA
Mutated DNA: GGC TAC AGG CGA
substitution
This type of gene mutation occurs when the order of DNA bases is reversed.
inversion
All living things use ______ in order to power their life activities like eating, moving and thinking
Organs that work together to perform a specific set of functions
organ system
Name the four biomolecules.
Identify DNA's structure.
double helix or twisted ladder
DNA contains the ________ to build living things and _________ are like the workers that carry out those instructions.
instructions, proteins
Cancer cells have lost the ability to control their cell ________.
division or reproduction
What are the two main types of mutations?
gene mutations
chromosome mutations
homeostasis
Double points and point donation
Organisms respond to their _________ in various ways. For example, animals move away from predators and plants grow toward ________.
environment
sunlight
_______ are the smallest unit of all matter, and they bond together to form _______.
Atoms, molecules
Double points
__________ provide short term energy for living things, while _______ provide long term energy and insulation.
Carbohydrates, lipids
DNA copies itself through the process of ____________. This process is semiconservative because each DNA molecule is made of one new and one old _______.
replication, strand or side
Double points and point donation
Name the two steps of protein synthesis in the correct order.
1. Transcription
2. Translation
_______ cells are simpler, smaller and do not contain organelles. _________ cells are larger, more complex and contain organelles.
Prokaryotic, eukaryotic
Which type of gene mutation has occurred in the following DNA sequence:
Original DNA: GGA CTA CGG ATT
Mutated DNA:GGA CTA ACG GAT T
insertion
Double points
This is the undifferentiated type of cell that can give rise to specialized cells in the body.
stem cells
Which characteristic of life refers to the passing of traits from one generation to the next
heredity or genetics
1. Identify one prokaryotic organism
2. Identify one eukaryotic organism
1. bacteria, archaea
2. any animal, plant, or fungi
Name the six elements essential for life.
Most of the DNA in eukaryotic cells is found in the _______, but there is also a small amount of DNA in two other organelles: ___________ and ___________.
nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
________ takes a message from DNA, goes to an organelle called a _________ and then that message is translated to make a _________.
mRNA, ribosome, protein
Identify three structures that are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
DNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytosol, cell membrane
Briefly explain why insertion and deletion mutations lead to frameshifts.
Insertions add an extra base and deletions remove a base from the DNA. In both cases, all of the bases after the initial mutation either get pushed forward or pulled back, throwing off the rest of the protein's amino acid order.
Double points and point donation
__________ are things organisms' bodies do to return them to homeostasis, while _________ are things organisms' bodies do to temporarily move them away from homeostasis in order to deal with an emergency.
Negative feedback mechanisms/loops
positive feedback mechanisms/loops
Bacteria reproduce _________ which basically means they clone themselves. Animals reproduce __________ because two individuals are involved in creating new offspring.
asexually, sexually
Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest: cell, organism, tissue, molecule, atom, organelle, organ, organ system
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
For each of the biomolecules listed below identify one of its main functions:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates: short term energy storage
Lipids: long term energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure, messengers
Proteins: regulating and speeding up chemical reactions, structural support, carry oxygen and CO2, messengers, transport
Nucleic Acids: stores and transmits genetic information
When DNA replicates itself it needs the help of special proteins called ________. The replicated DNA will be identical to the original DNA except for any accidental changes called __________.
enzymes, mutations
Most mutations are ________; however mutations that affect the structure and function of __________ are usually harmful.
neutral/harmless,proteins
What are the two parts of the cell cycle and what main things happen during each?
Interphase = the cell grows, replicates its DNA and performs its main functions
Mitosis = when the cell divides in order to reproduce
Most mutations are harmless and do not lead to cancer. Briefly explain what types of genes are more likely to lead to cancer if they become mutated.
Genes that make proteins which control cell division or the cell cycle. These are called positive and negative regulatory genes.
The most common external cause of cancer or _________ is cigarette smoke. The most common internal cause of cancer is mutations that occur randomly during ___________.
carcinogen
DNA replication