Ch. 1
Caregivers of young children need to understand normative patterns to recognize unique patterns in the individual children they care for. What is another name for these normative patterns of development?
Milestones
Which term refers to the cumulative sequences and patterns that represent progressive, refined changes moving a child from simple to more complex physical, cognitive, language, social, and emotional growth and maturity?
development
What is one-way toddlers demonstrate their autonomy?
defiance
Kristopher shows no distress when his mother leaves him with a stranger, and he does not seek comfort from her when she returns. What type of attachment is Kristopher demonstrating?
avoidant
A long narrative that tells a story as it unfolds over a significant period of time about a child, group, or activity is called a(n) _____ record.
running
Mr. Gold, a toddler teacher, is observing a young child's problem-solving skills. What aspect of a child’s development is she assessing?
cognitive/language development
What is the main difference between development and learning?
Learning requires action by a learner
What does a toddler's response to structure (e.g., routines) and change (e.g., surprises) indicate?
adaptability
The zone of proximal development can be identified through:
attention
Who must early childhood educators form partnerships with to provide high-quality care? List three
families, community agencies, and colleagues
A teacher who believes that children develop through modeling, imitation, and observational learning is most aligned with which theory?
social learning theory
Which action leads to the elimination of unused neural pathways?
A recent study demonstrated that toddlers were more likely to help an adult in need when they were given _____ for engaging in a prosocial behavior.
verbal praise
Ashley believes all babies need to eat at noon, so they will be ready for their naps at two o'clock. When little Joshua does not want to eat at noon, Ashley persists in trying to feed him; this demonstrates a lack of:
attunement
What process involves working with parents, community members, professional organizations, and policy makers to improve the lives of children and families and the early childhood profession?
advocacy
According to ecological systems theory, which action has the most influence on the quality of a relationship?
supportive interactions
Three examples of scaffolding include:
physical assistance, coaching, and providing hints
Appropriate caregiver behavior involves generous amounts of the THREE As of child care, which include:
attunement, attention, and approval
What are three patterns of insecure attachment.
resistant, disoriented, avoidant
What are the key characteristics of a competent early childhood educator? List three
positive self-image, physically healthy, and caring and respectful
Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a(n) _____ process.
socially mediated
Which three skills are acquired during Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?
understanding quantity, verbal reasoning, and nonverbal classification
According to Bowlby, attachment occurs when the baby grasps, cries, and smiles to keep the caregiver engaged. This is known as the _____ phase.
preattachment
Dmitri is playing "This Little Piggy" with Zoe, an infant at his child care center. During the play, Zoe sometimes turns her head away and Dmitri waitsfor her to turn back around before continuing. What is Dmitri demonstrating?
attunement
Several research studies have shown that child-initiated learning experiences have a positive effect on children's outcomes, in particular, improved:
language performance