Intro/History of Wildlife Management
"Commons"
The view that early European immigrants had about wildlife resources
Made it illegal to hunt or kill vulnerable species and damage their habitat
Endangered Species Act
The agency charged with managing national grasslands, forests and maintaining these spaces for public use
US Forest Service
Established the US Forest Service and began the trend to set aside wilderness areas for public use
Teddy Roosevelt
A classification of all living organisms into naturally related groups in a systematic way
Taxonomy
The practice of raising plants and animals in a controlled environment.
What is Agriculture?
The view that entire ecosystems need managing and that a variety of species is ideal
Biodiversity View
One who studies nature
naturalist
The 1st National Park
Yellowstone
The agency that cares for our national parks
National Park Service
Wrote the Sand County Almanac and is known as the Father of Wildlife Management.
Aldo Leopold
The 5 levels of classification of organisms from smallest to largest:
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere/ecosphere
An agricultural practice that limits the movements of some wildlife
Fences and roads
The management approach that believes that wildlife resources should be used intensively regardless of harmful environmental impacts
Exploitation approach
One who tends/manages nature
steward
Protected wildlife within the boundaries of national parks
Park Protection Act
The agency responsible for enforcing the Endangered Species Act
US Fish & Wildlife Service
Wrote Silent Spring, highlighting damaging agricultural practices such as the misuse of the pesticide DDT
Rachel Carson
The environment from which an organism acquires all of its resources is called
its habitat
An agricultural practice that restricts or eliminates unwanted organisms
Use of machinery and/or chemicals (e.g. DDT)
The view that wildlife resources should be maintained in their present condition
Preservation view
The value of wildlife that focuses on the interactions of wildlife in nature
ecological value
The first piece of legislation to protect migratory birds, preventing hunting during migration and importation of wild bird feathers for fashion
Weeks-McClean Act
The first National Wildlife Refuge
Pelican Island NWR
The 1st US Forest Service Chief, applied knowledge on forestry from Britain to forests in the USE, wrote "The Fight for Conservation"
Gifford Pinchot
Change that occurs as one kind of living organism replaces another organism in an environment where life did not exist before (e.g following a lava flow, receding glacier, or newly formed volcanic islands)
Primary succession
A specific negative effect of agriculture on ecosystems
Use of DDT, elimination of shelter and breeding grounds
The strategy that believes in managing natural resources for sustained yield, just below their capacity
Utilitarian approach
Three historical uses of wild animals
Food, shelter, clothing, fuel, transportation, work, tools, cultural
The program (or act) that generated funds to purchase migratory waterfowl habitat.
Duck Stamps or Wetlands Loan Act
This agency was formed after the Dust Bowl in order to conserve and protect soil. Hugh Bennett was the first person to run the agency.
Hugh Bennett
His cartoons influenced the public about wildlife conservations. Designed the first Federal Duck Stamp.
Jay Darling
When one organism is forced out of its specific niche or habitat due to the competitive advantage of another species (e.g. Red squirrels vs. Grey squirrels)
Competitive Exclusion Principle
A specific positive effect of agriculture on ecosystems
Dependable and abundant food supply and shelter (e.g. white-tailed deer)
Two approaches: 1) set aside parks and wilderness areas to protect natural resources and 2) manage natural resources for multiple-use, appreciating the interdependence of organisms in nature
1) preservation approach
2) ecological approach
The method used to encourage wolf eradication to protect cattle
bounties
The function of the Pittman-Robertson Program
Placed tax on guns, ammunition & fishing tackle (to be used in wildlife management)
The name of the agency that oversees the management of the US Forest Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Three of the national parks that John Muir helped develop:
Yellowstone, Sequoia, Mt. Rainier, Petrified Forest, and Grand Canyon
Example of a non-adaptive behavior
low biotic potential (repro rate) or being a specialist
Name two specific birds affect by the misuse of DDT
whooping crane, peregrine falcon, any raptor/birds of prey
Two views: 1) divide up the natural resources equally before they disappear, 2) species desirable by hunters and anglers should be the focus of management
1) non-renewable resources view
2) game view