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Research Strategy Purposes
Elements of an Experiment
Terminology
Increasing External & Internal Validity
Variables
100
Describe the purpose of the experimental research strategy
What is to establish a cause-and-effect relationship
100
Name the 4 elements of an experiment as they are described in the textbook
What is manipulation, measurement, comparison, and control
100
different values of independent variable, selected to create & define the treatment conditions
What is levels of an independent variable
100
a real-world atmosphere in a laboratory to duplicate a natural environment or situation
What is a simulation
100
Which variable is measured for changes while other variables are controlled?
What is the dependent variable
200
In the experimental research strategy, changes in one variable are ________ responsible for changes in another variable.
What is "directly" (p.126)
200
Correlational studies do not qualify as true experiments as correlation does not equal ___________.
What is causation True experiments are discussed on p. 129
200
Name two types of control groups
What is no treatment condition and placebo control group
200
In your own words, describe a field study
an experiment found in the real-world instead of inside a laboratory
200
Do confounding variables randomly or systematically change along with the two variables being studied?
What is systematically change
300
"Before you can conclude that the difference in scores was caused by the treatments", what must you consider?
What is "the difference in results may simply be the result of chance" (p.128)
300
Explain how measurement is used as an element of a true experiment
What is (Example) the dependent variable is measured to obtain scores in each treatment condition (or levels of independent variable)
300
A third variable that is allowed to change systematically along with the other variables studied
What is confounding variable
300
Which tool for controlling extraneous variables may not guarantee variables are really controlled?
What is randomization
300
Explain why "In an experiment, researchers must actively manipulate the independent variable rather than simply waiting for the variable to change by itself"
What is "If you let variables change on their own, it is always possible that other variables are also changing, and these variables may be responsible for the relationship you are observing." (p.134)
400
Differentiate between the correlational and experimental research strategy
What is (Example) Correlational research strategy measures variables as they exist naturally, instead of manipulating variables.
400
Describe a method used to control extraneous variables
What is holding a variable constant, matching across treatment conditions, or randomization (possible answers to be defined or described)
400
Describe the directionality problem
What is (Example) which variable is the cause and which variable is the effect
400
In your own words, explain this statement "A manipulation check can be used to assess the realism of the placebo." (p. 148)
What is (Example) Measuring how participants perceive manipulation is helpful when determining if participants are aware of the placebo condition.
400
Give an example of an extraneous variable that becomes a confounding variable
Example: 1 treatment condition consisting of all females while other treatment conditions have equal numbers of males and females *BUT ONLY IF the hypothesis is not evaluating the effects of gender on given variables
500
How does the experimental research strategy establish a cause-and-effect relationship between 2 variables?
What is manipulating one variable while measuring the 2nd variable and controlling extraneous variables
500
Which element of an experiment/true experiment may disrupt generalization, or external validity
What is control
500
Converting a research laboratory into a family restaurant for participants to attempt to dine naturally in may be an example of
What is an example of mundane realism
500
Why do researchers use a simulation or field study?
What is "to add outside influences not found in an artificial, controlled environment"
500
an experiment always involves comparison of measures of the __________ variable across different levels of the __________ variable
What is dependent, then independent