Motivation
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli, driving them to act in predictable ways
What is instincts?
stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in an individual
What is elicitors?
uggests that personality is shaped by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and defense mechanisms, originally developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizing the influence of childhood experiences and unconscious drives
What is psychodynamic theory?
refers to the innate drive in every individual to grow, develop, and realize their fullest potential
What is self-actualization theory?
a hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite
What is grehlin?
behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives caused by physiological deficits, such as hunger or thirst, aiming to restore homeostasis
What is drive-reduction theory?
suggests that emotions follow bodily arousal; we feel sad because we cry, and afraid because we tremble
What is arousal comes before emotion?
unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and perceived threats
What is ego defense mechanisms?
concept in social-cognitive theory proposing that an individual's behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and emotions), and environment influence each other interactively
What is reciprocal determinism?
cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where individuals should express emotions
What is display rules?
behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits
What is incentive theory?
positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, making us stronger. Negative emotions do the opposite, making us think narrowly and act less
What is broaden-and-build theory?
an ego defense mechanism where an individual reverts to earlier stages of development and childlike behaviors when faced with stress or emotional conflict
What is regression?
An individual's perception of themselves, encompassing self-awareness and the evaluation of their role in relation to others
What is self-concept?
occur when an individual must choose between two desirable options, leading to a conflict of which positive outcome to pursue
What is approach-approach conflict?
individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness, seeking to increase alertness when it is too low and decrease it when it is too high, to enhance performance and well-being
What is arousal theory?
suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier and frowning can make you feel sadder
What is facial-feedback hypothesis?
an ego defense mechanism where individuals suppress unacceptable impulses by unconsciously displaying the opposite behavior or emotion
What is reaction formation?
suggest that personality is made up of stable characteristics, called traits, that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves
What is trait theories?
refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal rewards such as personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of achievement
What is intrinsic motivation?
performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (alertness), but only up to a point; when levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
idea that certain emotional expressions are recognized and experienced similarly across different cultures
What is universal emotions?
an ego defense mechanism where negative urges and impulses are channeled into socially acceptable or constructive activities
What is sublimation?
refers to the trait of having consistent emotional reactions, resilience, and the ability to remain calm and composed under stress
What is emotional stability (neuroticism)?
emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual, particularly focusing on self-growth and unconditional positive regard as essential for achieving personal potential
What is humanistic psychology?