Native Americans
What were the Carlisle Indian Boarding schools and how did they impact Native Americans?
They were boarding schools to assimilate Native Americans by forcing them to cut their hair, only speak English, and lose contact with their families. This made it so children could not connect with their families and struggled to connect with their culture when they graduated.
What was the Homestead Act of 1862 and what did it do?
a United States federal law that granted adult citizens, or those intending to become citizens, 160 acres of surveyed public land in the West, provided they lived on and improved the land for five years. This act aimed to encourage westward expansion and economic development by making land ownership accessible to a wider range of people.
What issue did Ida B. Wells focus on in her writing?
lynchings
What was the 13th Amendment?
ended slavery except as punishment for a crime
How did life change for African Americans after the end of Reconstruction?
What was the ghost dance?
A Native American religious resistance movement. They believed this dance would get rid of the white settlers and restore their land.
How did the Transcontinental Railroad impact the US?
It connected the two coasts and led to westward expansion and more clashes with Native Americans. It led to NA losing their land and exacerbated the extermination of the buffalo.
What are vocational schools and which leader focused on vocational education for African Americans?
Vocational schools are where people learn trades, like farming or how to operate machinery. Booker T. Washington focused on this type of education for African Americans.
What was the 14th Amendment?
granted citizenship to everyone born in the US regardless of race
What is sharecropping and how did it work?
Sharecropping is when landowners would lend land to people, many African Americans, who then had to pay back the landowners for using the land and borrowing their machinery. This kept sharecroppers in a cycle of debt so that they could not leave the farms.
What was the Dawes Act of 1887?
law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society by dividing tribal lands into individual plots for farming. it disrupted tribal life and many Native Americans ended up selling their land to white settlers for less than it was worth
What is manifest destiny?
19th-century belief that the United States was destined to expand its dominion and spread democracy and capitalism across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This idea was often framed as a divine or God-given right, and it fueled westward expansion through purchase, treaty, settlement, and military conflict.
Who was WEB DuBois and what methods did he believe in?
He was from a middle class background and grew up in an integrated school in the north. He believed in focusing on college education for the top 10% of African Americans. He believed in using the court system to gain full equality for African Americans and not waiting.
Granted African American men the right to vote
What are poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses? What was the aim of all of these laws?
poll taxes - have to pay to vote, made it so poor whites and African Americans couldn't vote
literacy tests - racist tests that were intentionally confusing to prevent African Americans from voting
grandfather clause - if your grandfather couldn't vote then neither can you - prevented African Americans whose grandparents had all been born into slavery from voting
Disenfranchise - keep African Americans from voting
What was the Sand Creek Massacre and what led to it?
attack by U.S. Volunteer cavalry on a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado on November 29, 1864. This event, part of the larger Colorado War, resulted in the deaths of an estimated 70 to over 600 Native Americans, mostly women and children. Rumors that Native Americans killed a mining family led to increased tensions and the massacre.
What were 2 push and 2 pull factors for Exodusters to go to Kansas?
push
-Jim Crow
-sharecropping
pull
-greater freedoms
-land ownership
He was born into slavery and believed in accepting segregation in the short term in order to gain economic independence through vocational trades.
Why were HBCUs founded? What is the purpose of HBCUs?
founded because of segregation and not being allowed into PWIs. The purpose was to grant African Americans a strong education
What did the Louisiana Constitution of 1898 do?
encoded segregation in the laws
What was the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) and what happened to it?
The Treaty set up a reservation for the Sioux on the Black Hills. In 1874 gold was discovered in the Black Hills and white settlers moved in and took the land breaking the treaty and leading to more conflict between Native Americans and Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn
a theory written by Frederick Jackson Turner
- said that the frontier had shaped US individualism and democracy
-frontier was closed and ushered in a new era of US history
What was the main difference in ideologies between Booker T. Washington and WEB DuBois?
Booker T. Washington believed in slower progress, and accepted segregation in the short term to gain economic independence with a focus on the trades. WEB DuBois focused on higher education for the talented 10th and fighting for the end to segregation and full equality now.
What were the Morrill Acts and how were the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 different?
Morrill Acts granted each state federal land to establish colleges focused on "agriculture and the mechanic arts" greatly expanding access to higher education. The 1862 act did not grant access to African Americans so the 1890 act included African Americans and led to the founding of several HBCUs
What was Plessy v. Ferguson and what were its impacts?
supreme court case that legalized "separate but equal"
made segregation legal until it was struck down in the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement