SEXUAL BEHAVIORS
What are the symptoms of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)?
AIS leads to the development of female external genitalia and non-functional female reproductive organs in individuals with XY chromosomes.
What are some terms associated with biorhythms, and what's a "zeitgeiber"?
Biorhythm terms include "circadian rhythm." "Zeitgeiber" means external cues, like light, that sync our biological clocks.
What are the different types of learning, and how do they differ?
Learning types include classical conditioning (stimulus associations), instrumental conditioning (behavior-consequence associations), and observational learning (learning through observation and imitation).
What is hemispheric asymmetry, and what does lateralization mean?
Hemispheric asymmetry refers to differences between the brain's hemispheres. Lateralization is the idea that specific functions are controlled by one hemisphere, like language in the left hemisphere.
Explain the three stages of prenatal reproductive structure development.
The stages are indifferent (undifferentiated), masculinization (male development), and defeminization (female development).
How do morning larks and night owls differ, and what happens to sleep patterns during adolescence?
Morning larks rise early, night owls stay up late. Adolescents often become night owls due to changes in their body clocks.
Explain the components of classical conditioning, including US, UR, CS, and CR.
n classical conditioning, the Unconditioned Stimulus (US) leads to the Unconditioned Response (UR). Pairing the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) with the US associates it with the Conditioned Response (CR).
What happens after hemispherectomy in Rasmussen's Syndrome?
Hemispherectomy, the removal of one hemisphere, is used to treat severe epilepsy in Rasmussen's Syndrome. It can lead to functional deficits but may be necessary to control seizures.
What is kisspeptin's role in puberty onset, and where is it secreted?
Kisspeptin in the hypothalamus triggers puberty by stimulating the release of GnRH.
Name conditions linked to time shifts and their effects.
Jet lag and shift work disorder disrupt internal clocks, causing sleep problems and fatigue.
Describe instrumental conditioning and how it differs from classical conditioning.
Instrumental conditioning is about learning from consequences. It's different from classical conditioning, which is about stimulus-response associations.
Explain the effects of split-brain surgery and the role of commissurotomy, mentioning major commissures.
Split-brain surgery severs the corpus callosum, disrupting inter-hemispheric communication. This can make identifying objects in different visual fields challenging.
Differentiate organizational and activational hormone effects in sexual development.
Organizational effects shape long-term structure, while activational effects influence short-term behaviors.
Explain the SCN's features and evidence for its role as a biological clock.
The SCN, in the hypothalamus, controls circadian rhythms. Evidence includes SCN lesion effects, successful SCN cell transplants, and specialized proteins guiding rhythms.
Explain the stages of the Information Processing Model of memory.
The Information Processing Model has three stages: encoding (input), storage (retention), and retrieval (output).
What influences brain lateralization development, and what are the behavioral implications?
Lateralization can be influenced by genetics, prenatal factors, and handedness. It affects language, music, and can relate to psychological disorders.
Name some sexually dimorphic brain structures and their impact on behavior and cognition.
Hypothalamic differences, like the SDN, can contribute to variations in behaviors and cognitive abilities between genders.
What are the main sleep theories, and how does REM sleep aid memory consolidation?
Sleep theories include predation risk, restoration, and memory consolidation. REM sleep, vital for emotional and procedural memory, enhances and strengthens these memories.
What are the key brain regions involved in classical conditioning, such as the cerebellum and amygdala?
The cerebellum is vital for eyeblink conditioning, while the amygdala processes emotional aspects in classical conditioning. Damage to these regions can impair learning.
Describe brain regions in language processing, and explain the main types of aphasias.
Language processing involves regions like Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Aphasias, language disorders, vary; for instance, Broca's aphasia impairs speech production, while Wernicke's affects comprehension. Understanding these helps study language and communication.