Learning
It's scientifically defined as the change in an organism's behavior or knowledge brought about by experience.
What is learning?
Know what learning is and how it is different from the colloquial definition of learning.
They're the substances or agents that are capable of causing birth defects or increased risk of harm to a developing human organism in utero.
What is a teratogen?
Know what is and is not a teratogen.
According to Raymond Cattell, it's the type of intelligence which relies on extensive experience and knowledge (and helps us at things like Jeopardy).
What is crystallized intelligence?
Know crystallized vs. fluid intelligence and what happens to them over the lifespan.
It's the projective test that asks respondents to project their responses onto ambiguous inkblots.
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test (RIT)?
It's the reinforcement schedule most resistant to extinction.
What is variable reinforcement.
It's the schedule of reinforcement that is most effective in acquiring an association, but also easily extinguished.
What is a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
According to Piaget, it's the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible, audible, or tangible.
What is object permanence?
Know object permanence vs. conservation vs. egocentrism and when they develop.
They're the type of tests that test a specific construct, usually if you have the potential to do well at a certain task or in a certain field.
What is an aptitude test?
Know aptitude vs. achievement vs. intelligence tests.
According to Freud, they're the unconscious strategies employed by the ego to reduce or avoid anxiety, guilt, or other unpleasant feelings.
What are defense mechanisms?
Know Freud's structure of the personality, to include the id, ego, superego, and defense mechanisms.
It's the general emotional reactivity of infants--the root from which several aspects of adult personality grow.
What is temperament?
In classical conditioning, it's the effect that can be caused by being repeatedly exposed to a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it can be caused by no longer providing any reinforcement after engagement in the desired behavior.
What is extinction?
Know how extinction and spontaneous recovery develop.
It's the final of four Piagetian stages, in which abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes possible.
What is formal operational?
Know the four stages and what corresponds to each stage.
It's the most commonly used intelligence test today (for adults).
What is the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
It's the objective measure of 567 true/false questions that--unlike most other tests--can be used to measure both normal and abnormal (pathological) personality traits and functioning.
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)?
Know objective vs. projective tests and the differences between the MMPI and the NEO-PI-R.
It's the reason you know that a tall thin cup and a squat round cup can hold the same amount of liquid, even if they appear different.
What is conservation?
Most useful with animals, it's the utilization of reinforcement for successive approximations of a behavior, little by little, until the desired end-goal is met.
What is shaping?
Be able to identify a human application.
According to Mary Ainsworth, it's the desired style of attachment portrayed by interdependent children cared for by interdependent mothers. In a strange situation, children may initially cry, but quickly begin to play and then warmly welcome their mothers back upon a reunion.
What is secure attachment.
Know the four attachment styles and their characteristics.
Is it a single factor? Is it multifaceted? As to the model of intelligence's factors, it's today's most dominant view that invades most areas of research and application.
What is the hierarchical model?
Know different theories of intelligence
Unique to most objective tests, they're the scales derived from certain questions planted in the test, used to determine if the respondent's approach to the test is fair and if it's measuring what it's supposed to be measuring.
What are validity indexes?
Know that most objective tests use validity indexes.
It's the statistical technique that boils down a numerous number of variables into the lowest number of groups and defines what makes each group different from one another. Both Spearman's g and the Big Five personality traits use it.
What is factor analysis?
In classical conditioning, it's the previously neutral item that, when paired with an item that will automatically and naturally elicit a response, will now elicit a response after association occurs.
What is the conditioned stimulus?
Be able to identify the NS, US, UR, CS, CR.
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, it's the stage of moral development in which rules become relative and contextual, with right and wrong determined by more abstract principles of justice.
What is postconventional morality?
It's the subtle increase in average IQ scores over the decades.
What is the Flynn effect?
They're the instrument employed whereby psychologists or psychometrists ask a pre-determined set of questions and analyzes the responses to create an individual personality profile.
What is a structured interview?
Know behavioral assessments and structured interviews
It's the seminal study that demonstrated vicarious learning of aggression.
What is Bandura's Bobo doll study?